BASIC SCIENCE
PROCESSES
What is Science?
SCIENCE
Asking questions
Finding answers to these questions
Basic science process skill is a tool to be used
ARE YOU FAMILIAR WITH THE BASIC SCIENCE
PROCESSES?
OBSERVING
• By using our five senses (see, hear, touch, smell, taste) effectively, we
can create “what”, “why”, “how” (and so on) questions in our mind.
• An observation can be a.) qualitative – using the senses and b.)
quantitative – using exact measurement
MEASURING
• Observations can be measured using appropriate measuring devices and
procedures. You are measuring and using numbers appropriately when you are:
a. able to count and compare quantity and numerical data of items in different groups;
b. able to count and compare quantity and numerical data of items in one group;
c. able to recognize the pattern from a table of numbers;
d. able to use numbers to record phenomenon;
e. able to use scales and explain ratios.
f. able to compare objects using numbers;
g. able to using tools properly;
h. able to record unit correctly and choose and use standard unit.
CLASSIFYING
• This involves grouping or ordering of objects or events according to
similarities or differences in properties.
In classifying, there are four steps to be followed:
a. Identify the general characteristics of the items.
b. Sort out items of the same characteristics into their respective group.
c. Identify other characteristic
d. Repeat step 1-3 until there is only one item in each group.
INFERRING
It is the explanation or interpretation made
from the observation. It is also called an
"educated guess" about an object or event
based on previously gathered data or
information.
What inference can
you draw by looking
at the broken
window on your
right?
PREDICTING
• In this part, you are stating the outcome of a future event
based on a pattern of evidence.
• You are predicting when you are using arranged data clearly
to make projections or forecasts.
PREDICTING
What will be your predicted height (in inches) of
Gumamela
plant in its fourth week?
COMMUNICATING
It is essential to communicate your observation with other people.
It involves words (written and spoken) or graphic symbols to describe an action, object or event.
It can be in the form of graphs, demonstrations, drawings, diagrams, or tables to transmit
information and ideas to others
• After a week of observing the growth of fruit flies for a
week, how will you effectively communicate the result of
your observation?
INTERPRETING DATA
• This involves the application of the other science process skills,
specifically classifying, inferring, predicting and communicating.
• It will determine how essential the gathered data are in answering a
question or solving the problem. Interpretations made are always subject to
changes or adjustments due to new or more refined data.
• What is your interpretation on the growth of gumamela plant as shown in
Table 2 above?
FORMULATING HYPOTHESIS
The two types of hypothesis are:
1. Alternative hypothesis (Ha) – It states that
there is a significant relationship between
variables.
Example: There is a significant relationship
between the light color and the growth of plants.
2. Null hypothesis (Ho) – It states that there is NO
significant relationship between variables. Can you give an example of a null and
alternative hypothesis based from the
Example: There is no significant relationship
picture
between the light color and the growth of plants. on the right side?
EXPERIMENTING
• During experimentation, you will be using three variables which are:
a.) independent variable or the manipulated variable – the factor that is changed or tested.
b.) dependent variable or the responding variable – result of the modification in the
manipulated variable.
c.) controlled variables – factor that remain unchanged throughout the experiment.
• For example, you want to test if the student’s number of sleeping hours the night before
an examination will affect his score. Which is the independent variable, dependent
variable and controlled variable/s?
FORMULATING MODELS
• can either be in the form physical and mental. This is
based on the acceptable hypothesis and is used to
describe and explain the relationship between ideas or
variables. If testing a hypothesis results to new
information, the model must be revised to include it.
