CS
ACTIVITY
CS SEMINAR
DONE BY:
1)GOKUL
2)GAAVIYAN M
3)HARIHARAN M V
Wireless/Mobile Computing
Technologies:
• Wireless and mobile computing technologies enable
data transmission and computation without the need for
physical cables or constant network connections. Mobile
computing focuses on portable devices like
smartphones and laptops accessing information and
resources while moving. Wireless technologies like Wi-Fi,
cellular networks, and satellite communication provide
the infrastructure for this mobility
Global System For Mobile
(GSM):
• The Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM) is a
globally accepted standard for digital mobile communication.
It was developed by the European Telecommunications
Standards Institute (ETSI) in the 1980s and officially launched
in 1991. GSM was designed to replace analog cellular
networks and provide a more efficient, secure, and high-
quality method of mobile communication. One of its most
notable innovations is the use of digital signal transmission
and the Subscriber Identity Module (SIM) card, which stores
user information and allows for easy switching between
devices. GSM operates on various frequency bands such as
900 MHz and 1800 MHz in Europe and Asia, and 850 MHz and
1900 MHz in the Americas. Its architecture supports voice
calls, text messaging (SMS), and data services such as GPRS
and EDGE, which laid the foundation for mobile internet before
the rise of 3G and 4G technologies.
What is a SIM card?
• A SIM card (Subscriber Identity Module) is a small,
removable smart card used in mobile phones and
other cellular-enabled devices. It securely stores
information needed to identify and authenticate a
user on a mobile network. This includes the
International Mobile Subscriber Identity (IMSI),
authentication keys, and other data that links the
user to their mobile service provider.
• SIM cards also store personal data like contacts
and SMS messages (though this is less common
now with cloud storage). When inserted into a
mobile device, the SIM allows the device to connect
to the mobile network, make calls, send messages,
and use mobile data. Users can switch phones by
simply moving their SIM card to another
compatible device, making it a flexible and
essential part of mobile communication.
Wireless in Local Loop
(WLL):
• Wireless in Local Loop (WLL) is a technology that
provides telephone and internet services to users
by replacing the traditional wired connection in
the "last mile" with a wireless link. Instead of
running copper or fiber-optic cables to each
subscriber, WLL uses radio signals to connect
homes or businesses to the nearest telecom
base station. This approach is particularly
beneficial in rural or hard-to-reach areas where
laying physical infrastructure is expensive or
impractical. WLL can deliver voice, data, and
internet services, and it operates using various
wireless technologies such as CDMA, GSM, or
LTE. It allows for faster deployment, lower costs,
and flexible service options, making it a practical
solution for expanding telecommunications
coverage in underserved regions.
General Packet Radio Service
(GPRS):
• General Packet Radio Service (GPRS) is a mobile data service available
to users of GSM networks. Introduced in the late 1990s, GPRS enables
the transmission of data in packets, rather than through continuous
circuits like traditional voice calls. This allows for more efficient use of
network resources and supports "always-on" internet connectivity.
• GPRS is often referred to as a 2.5G technology because it bridges the
gap between 2G (GSM) and 3G networks. It enables mobile services
such as web browsing, email, multimedia messaging (MMS), and basic
app usage. Data speeds in GPRS typically range from 56 kbps to 114
kbps, depending on network conditions and device capabilities.
• By introducing packet-switched data, GPRS played a key role in the
evolution of mobile internet and laid the groundwork for more
advanced technologies like EDGE and 3G.
1G,2G,3G,4G and 5G networks:
FEATURES 1G 2G 3G 4G 5G
LAUNCHED Late 1970’s to Early 1990’s Early 2000’s Late 2000’s 2019 onwards
early 1980’s
TECHNOLOGY Analog Digital UMTS, HSPA LTE(Long Term New
(GSM, CDMA) Evolution) radio,MMA,Massive
MIMO
MAIN USE Voice calls Voice calls, SMS Voice calls, internet High speed Ultra fast internet,
access, video calls, internet, HD video, smart city, loT
mobile apps. gaming.
SPEED 2.4 kbps Upto 64 kbps 384kbps-several 100Mbps-1Gbps 1gbps-10+Gbps
Mbps
ADVANCES/ Poor voice quality, Better voice quality, Fast internet, video High speed Ultra low latency,
LIMITATIONS no data services, text messaging, streaming, app streaming, mobile huge device
insecure basic internet. support. broad band. connectivity, real
communications. time application
SMS, Chat, Video
conferencing:
• SMS (Short Message Service) is a text messaging service that
allows users to send and receive short text messages,
typically up to 160 characters, using mobile phones. It works
over cellular networks and does not require internet access.
• Chat refers to real-time text communication between users
over the internet or mobile networks, often through
messaging apps like WhatsApp, Messenger, or Telegram. It
supports longer messages, media sharing, and can happen
between individuals or groups.
• Video conferencing is a technology that enables live, face-to-
face communication between users in different locations
through video and audio transmission over the internet.
Platforms like Zoom, Microsoft Teams, and Google Meet are
commonly used for business meetings, online classes, and
virtual gatherings. All three—SMS, chat, and video
conferencing—play vital roles in modern digital
communication, each suited to different needs and situations.
Voice over Internet
Protocol, VoIP:
• It is a communication technology that enables users to make voice
calls and multimedia transmissions over the Internet or any other IP-
based network instead of relying on traditional telephone lines. It
works by converting analog voice signals into digital data packets,
which are then transmitted over the network using protocols such as
SIP (Session Initiation Protocol) and RTP (Real-Time Transport Protocol).
• VoIP can be used through dedicated VoIP phones, adapters connected
to regular phones, or software applications like Skype, WhatsApp, and
Zoom. One of the major advantages of VoIP is its cost-effectiveness,
particularly for long-distance and international calls. It also offers
flexibility, allowing users to make and receive calls from any location
with internet access. Furthermore, VoIP systems are highly scalable
and can integrate seamlessly with other digital services such as video
conferencing, instant messaging, and file sharing.
• However, the quality of VoIP calls can be affected by internet
connectivity, leading to issues such as latency, jitter, and dropped
calls. Additionally, VoIP services depend on power and internet
availability, making them vulnerable during outages, and they require
proper security measures to prevent cyber threats. Despite these
challenges, VoIP has become a popular choice for both personal and
business communication due to its versatility and low operational
costs.
Wi-Fi
• Wi-Fi (short for Wireless Fidelity) is a wireless networking technology that allows
devices such as smartphones, laptops, tablets, and smart appliances to connect to the
internet or communicate with one another over a wireless local area network (WLAN). It
uses radio waves, typically in the 2.4 GHz and 5 GHz frequency bands, to transmit data
between a router or access point and nearby devices.
• Wi-Fi is based on the IEEE 802.11 family of standards, which define how data is formatted
and transmitted over the air. One of the key advantages of Wi-Fi is its convenience, as it
eliminates the need for physical cables, enabling users to stay connected while moving
freely within the coverage area. It is widely used in homes, businesses, schools, and
public places like cafes and airports.
• However, Wi-Fi performance can be influenced by factors such as distance from the
router, physical obstructions, and interference from other electronic devices. Security is
also a concern, which is why modern Wi-Fi networks use encryption protocols like WPA3
to protect user data. Overall, Wi-Fi has become an essential part of daily life, providing
flexible and relatively fast internet access for a wide range of digital applications.
WiMax:
• WiMAX (Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access)
is a wireless communication technology designed to
provide high-speed internet access over long distances. It
is based on the IEEE 802.16 standard and is similar to Wi-
Fi but with a much wider coverage area and higher data
capacity.
• WiMAX can deliver broadband internet to homes,
businesses, and remote areas where traditional wired
connections (like DSL or fiber) are not available or
practical. It supports both fixed and mobile internet
access, with speeds ranging from 30 Mbps to over 1 Gbps
in advanced versions. WiMAX works in licensed frequency
bands (2.3 GHz, 2.5 GHz, and 3.5 GHz) and can cover
areas up to 30–50 kilometers for fixed stations.
• Though it has been largely overtaken by 4G LTE and fiber
optics in many regions, WiMAX was a major step forward in
expanding wireless broadband access, especially in
developing countries and rural areas.
Internetworking Terms and
Concepts:
• Internetworking is the process of connecting multiple different
computer networks so they can communicate and work together as
a single, unified network. It allows devices on different types of
networks—such as LANs (Local Area Networks), WANs (Wide Area
Networks), and MANs (Metropolitan Area Networks)—to exchange
data and access shared resources.
• Internetworking is made possible through various hardware devices
like routers, switches, gateways, and bridges, which manage data
traffic and ensure it reaches the correct destination. The most
common example of internetworking is the Internet, which is a
global system of interconnected networks. This concept is
fundamental to modern communication, enabling seamless data
sharing, email, web browsing, and cloud services across the globe.
World Wide Web (WWW):
• The World Wide Web (WWW) is a system of
interlinked digital documents and resources,
accessed via the internet using web browsers. It was
invented by Tim Berners-Lee in 1989 and operates
on protocols like HTTP and HTTPS. The WWW allows
users to view and interact with websites that contain
text, images, videos, and other multimedia elements
using URLs (Uniform Resource Locators). It is based
on a client-server model, where the client (browser)
sends requests and the server responds with web
content. The WWW revolutionized communication,
education, commerce, and entertainment by making
information globally accessible and easy to navigate.
WWW Atributes:
• Hyperlinking – Allows users to navigate between web
pages by clicking on linked text or images.
• Multimedia Support – Integrates text, images, audio,
video, and animations into web content.
• Interactive – Enables user interaction through forms,
buttons, and dynamic content.
• Standardized Protocols – Operates using protocols
like HTTP/HTTPS for data communication.
• Cross-Platform – Works across different devices and
operating systems (e.g., Windows, macOS, Android).
Telnet:
• Telnet is a network protocol used to remotely access and
manage computers over a TCP/IP network. It allows users to
connect to a remote device and operate it through a
command-line interface, as if they were physically present.
• Telnet typically operates on TCP port 23 and was widely used
by system administrators to manage servers, particularly in
Unix-based systems. However, Telnet transmits data in plain
text, including login credentials, making it highly vulnerable to
security threats such as eavesdropping or data interception.
• Due to this lack of encryption, Telnet has largely been replaced
by more secure protocols like SSH (Secure Shell), which
provides encrypted and authenticated communication
for remote access.
Thank
You!
