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Computer Network

A computer network is a collection of hardware and software that allows multiple computers to communicate and share resources. It enhances capabilities through resource sharing, centralized management, and various communication types, including voice and data. Networks can be categorized by scope (LAN, WAN) and architecture (client-server, peer-to-peer), each with distinct advantages and disadvantages.
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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
24 views29 pages

Computer Network

A computer network is a collection of hardware and software that allows multiple computers to communicate and share resources. It enhances capabilities through resource sharing, centralized management, and various communication types, including voice and data. Networks can be categorized by scope (LAN, WAN) and architecture (client-server, peer-to-peer), each with distinct advantages and disadvantages.
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COMPUTER NETWORK

OVERVIEW OF NETWORK
 A computer network is a collection of hardware and software that
enables a group of computers to communicate and share resources
(resources can be data, software or hardware) with each other
 Each computer or a device connected on the network is called node
 Computer Network is the interconnection of two or more than two nodes
which are able to exchange information (text, audio, images, video etc)
by means of transmission medium (either wired or wireless) and
protocols(logical rules).

 Information must be transformed into electromagnetic signals prior to


transmission across the network.
 Such electromagnetic signals used to represent the information can
either be in analog (continuous) or in digital (discrete) form.
 Networks enhance the power of computers by allowing them to work
together.
 Networks provide applications and users with many benefits over
standalone (independent) computers, including
 Distributed processing capability
 Enhanced storage capability
 Centralized management of security and access to resources
 Greater scalability, robustness, and redundancy
USE OF RESOURCE
Sharing of resource: Resource can be shared among multiple
users, which leads to cost reduction and faster access to required
information. For example
 Sharing of hardware: several PCs might be networked together in a local area
network (LAN) to share a printer, scanners and other devices.
 Sharing of information: Distributed databases, e-mail, the World Wide Web and
so on are examples of this. Here the sharing involves in both LANs and wide
area networks (WAN), especially the latter
For communication and entertainment: Computer network has gained a wide
popularity for communication among different people at different geographical
locations at cheapest rate, for example the popularity of email. Many people also
use computer network for the purpose of pure entertainment like watching
videos, listening music and playing games with remote users etc.
For research, education and business:
As computer can communicate with each other, users can exchange their
knowledge with remote users, share views and ideas to enhance and
extend their knowledge. Also business organizations can do online
business as technologies like Electronic Data Interchange (EDI) and
Customer Relationship Management (RM) and Enterprise Resource
management (ERP).
Common Network Components
COMPONENTS DEFINATION

SERVER Any computer that makes resources available


to other computers on the network. Server
computers run network server software
CLIENT Any computer that uses the resources of a
server.

MEDIA The physical means of communication


between network computers. The network
medium is a specialized cable. Other media
include infrared transmission, radio signals,
and telecommunications lines

RESOURCE The data, applications, and hardware


provided by network servers for use by
network clients. The printer, scanner can be
shared.

NETWORK ADAPTER A special adapter card that enables two


computers to send data out over the network
media
NETWORK PROTOCOL A specialized electronic language that
enables network computers to communicate.
Types of Communication
 Communication can be defined as the exchange of information.
 In the earlier days, communication was mainly restricted to voice, via
telephone networks.
 However, with the emergence of the computer and data communication
technologies, this changed quite dramatically. Soon, the existing
telephone networks began to use computer networks as well.
VOICE COMMUNICATION
In simple terms, this refers to the very common form of telephonic
conversations that we have with our family members, friends, colleagues
and other business people. This can be for various purposes. With the
invention of the telephone, this technology emerged and has since become
extremely popular. In addition to the carrying of the voice conversation, this
technology now also includes other value-added services, such as voice mail.
Voice mail allows the callers to leave voice message for us in our absence
DATA COMMUNICATION
 Rather than laying new communication networks for carrying
computer data, the technologists decided to reuse the existing
telephone networks to carry computer data. This means that the
same telephone network can carry not only voice, but also computer
data (i.e. bits)
 Data Communication is the transfer of data or information between a
source and a receiver. The source transmits the data and the receiver
receives it
 Data Communication model consists of:
 Source: Generates data to be transmitted
 Transmitter: Converts data into transmittable signals
 Transmission System: Carries data
 Receiver: Converts received signal into data
 Destination: Takes incoming data
NETWORK TOPOLOGIES
 The term topology refers to the manner and complexity of
interconnections between nodes on a network.
 There are two different aspects to the network topology.
 The physical topology describes the actual physical layout or
pattern of the cabling that connects the nodes.
 The logical topology describes the path that signals take as they
flow through the network. The two don’t have to match exactly.
TYPES OF TOPOLOGY
 BUS TOPOLOGY
 A networking topology that connects networking components along a
single cable or that uses a series of cable segments that are connected
linearly is bus topology.
 In the bus topology a set of clients are connected via a shared
communications line, called a bus.
 Bus networks are the simplest way to connect multiple clients, but often
have problems when two clients want to transmit at the same time on the
same bus.
 Thus systems which use bus network architectures normally have some
scheme for collision handling or collision avoidance for communication on
the bus, quite often using Carrier Sense Multiple Access (CSMA) or the
presence of a bus master which controls access to the shared bus
resource.
 A bus topology is passive; each computer is only responsible for traffic
directly addressed to it.
 The nodes don’t actively move each signal along, so if any one computer
goes down, it won’t affect the whole network.
RING TOPOLOGY
 In a ring topology, the computers are arranged in a circle.
 Data moves around the ring in one direction. All devices are connected to
one another in the shape of a closed loop, so that each device is
connected directly to two other devices, one on either side of it.
 A ring network topology every node has exactly two branches connected
to it.
 The stations are attached to the ring and share the ring by passing a
“token” that specifies whose turn it is.
 It’s an active topology; each computer has to take responsibility for
moving the data along the network
STAR TOPOLOGY
 Star topology is also known as a star network, a star topology is one of
the most common network setups where each of the devices and
computers on a network connect to a central hub or switch.
 Most hubs are active, and regenerate each signal.
 Other hubs are passive, and act only as connection points.
 The computers in the topology are all passive. A major disadvantage of
this type of network topology is that if the central hub fails, all
computers connected to that hub would be disconnected.
 The advantage of a Star Network is: a failure in cable affects only one or
few computers and not the entire network.
 A Star Network Topology is best suited for smaller networks and works
efficiently when there is limited number of nodes.
 One has to ensure that the hub or the central node is always working
and extra security features should be added to the hub because it’s the
heart of the network.
TYPES OF NETWORK

 Networks can be categorized in many different ways; by their scope,


their architecture etc. One way to categorize a network is by the
scope of the network coverage. There are two major divisions in
network on the basis of scope of the coverage or size they are
LAN,MAN and WAN.
 Similarly on the basis of architecture it can be classified into client
server and peer to peer architecture.
LAN (Local Area Network)
 LAN consists of any number of computers that are linked directly together
and are housed in a clearly-defined geographic area, such as in a single
building. A LAN can only be as large as the physical limitations of the
cabling you use, which varies depending upon the cabling type. LANs are
typically high speed, low error networks within a company.

WAN (Wide Area Network)


 WAN can span large geographic areas like countries and continents. In a
WAN, at least some of the connections rely on long distance
communications media such as satellite links, long-distance fiber optic
cable, or specialized high-speed telephone lines. These media are
expensive; companies normally share the links or lease capacity from a
public carrier such as a telecommunications company. But WAN
technologies are essential to link all the computers in a multi-site or
multi-national enterprise in a reliable way. WANs can be enormous; the
Internet is the ultimate WAN.

CLIENT SERVER NETWORK
 This model are broadly used network model. In Client-Server Network,
Clients and server are differentiated, Specific server and clients are
present.
 In Client-Server Network, Centralized server is used to store the data
because its management is centralized.
 In Client-Server Network, Server respond the services which is request by
Client.
PEER TO PEER

 This model does not differentiate the clients and the servers,
 In this each and every node is itself client and server.
 In Peer-to-Peer Network, Each and every node can do both request
and respond for the services.
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN CLIENT
SERVERCLIENT-SERVER
AND P2P
S.NO NETWORK PEER-TO-PEER NETWORK

In Client-Server Network, Clients and In Peer-to-Peer Network, Clients


1. server are differentiated, Specific and server are not
server and clients are present. differentiated.

2.
Client-Server Network focuses on While Peer-to-Peer Network
information sharing. focuses on connectivity.

3.
In Client-Server Network, Centralized While in Peer-to-Peer Network,
server is used to store the data. Each peer has its own data.

While in Peer-to-Peer Network,


In Client-Server Network, Server
Each and every node can do
4. respond the services which is request
both request and respond for
by Client.
the services.
While Peer-to-Peer Network are
Client-Server Network are costlier than
5. less costlier than Client-Server
Peer-to-Peer Network.
Network.
While Peer-to-Peer Network are
Client-Server Network are more stable
6. less stable if number of peer is
than Peer-to-Peer Network.
increase.
ADVANTAGE OF COMPUTER NETWORK
 Resource sharing: The computer networks make resource
available to anyone on the network regardless of the physical
location of the resource or the user.
 A local resource is any peripheral like optical drive, printer, scanner, and
modem and so on that is attached to your machine.
 A Remote Resource is any device that must be reached through the
network. Any devices attached to server are remote resources.
Job Sharing: The Job sharing is also one of the most important
advantages of the computer network. With the help of the computer
network the job is processed on the lest crowded machine
Communication:The Computer network allows easy human to
human communication through email, internet telephony,
teleconferencing etc.
High reliability:The provision of alternate sources of resources
lends towards high reliability of the system as there are multiple
existence of same resource.
Centralized Software Management:
One of the greatest benefits of installing a network is that all of
the software can be loaded on one computer (the file server).
This eliminates that need to spend time and energy installing
updates.
Speed:
Networks provide a very rapid method for sharing and
transferring files.
Cost Reduction:
The use of computer Network ultimately leads to the reduced
equipment costs.
Interactive Entertainment:
The computer networks provide the interactive entertainment
in the form of online games, video on demand and live
television quiz shows etc.
DISADVANTAGE
 Expensive:The first and the foremost disadvantage of computer network is that
they are expensive to purchase and maintain. The cabling and installation of the
large sized computer network is very costly.
 Data Security: The special security measures are needed to stop users from using
programs and data that they shouldn’t have access to. The proper permissions
must be issued to various users according to their nature of work. The proper
security feature must be applied for the authorization and authentication of the
user.
 Manager Dependence:The complex networks require a network manager to keep
it running. The major problem with network is that their efficiency is very
dependent on the skill of the network manager.
 Vulnerable to hackers and viruses: The Computer networks are very vulnerable
to hackers and viruses. A poorly Implemented network may result in loss of privacy
or corrupt information system. Also the virus on one computer in network can
affect the whole computer network.
 Social Problem:The computer networks pose social problems when people post
offensive views about sensitive issues like religion, sex and politics. The news
group or bulletin boards allow people to exchange messages freely on the network.
This could lead to a problem because they are not restricted to post materials on
any subject including deeply offensive views regarding religion, caste ..
IP ADDRESS
 Computer on a network can be identified by two addresses; they are MAC
address and IP address.
 MAC address also known as hardware address or a physical address; the
addresses that is hard coded on a network interface card (NIC) and are
used for finding the devices on the network.
 An IP address also known as logical or software address is a numeric
identifier assigned to each machine on a Network.
 It defines the specific location of a device on the network. The IP address of
any end system connected to the public Internet must be globally unique,
so the assignment of IP addresses must be carefully managed.
 Computers can work easily with long strings of numbers (IP addresses), but
humans find that pretty difficult. So, most computers on the Internet
(except those used exclusively for internal routing and switching) also have
an address called domain name system (DNS) – an address that uses words
rather than numbers.
IPV4
 Each IPv4 address is 32 bits long (equivalently, four bytes) quantity that
uniquely identifies the end-system.
 IP addresses are typically written in so-called "dot-decimal notation",
whereby each byte of the address is written in its decimal form and is
separated by a period.
 Bytes of address are also referred as an octet.
 Octets are made up of 8 bits, which consist of 8-bit binary Number.
 For example, a typical IP address would be 193.32.216.9. The 193 is the
decimal equivalent for the first 8 bits of the address; the 32 is the
decimal equivalent for the second 8 bits of the address, etc. Thus, the
address 193.32.216.9 in binary notation is: 11000001 00100000
11011000 00001001.
IPV6
 In the early 1990's the Internet Engineering Task force began an effort to
develop a successor to the IPv4 protocol.
 A prime motivation for this effort was the realization that the IPV-4 is 32-
bit IP address space.
 It was not able to create/manage very very large network.
 It was used up, with new networks and IP nodes being attached to the
Internet at a breathtaking rate.
 To respond to this need of a large IP address space, a new IP protocol that
is IPv6 was developed.
 IPv6 increases the size of the IP address from 32 to 128 bits. This insures
that the world won't run out of IP addresses. IPv6 addresses are similar in
spirit to IPv4 addresses except that they are 16 bytes long. The written
representation for IPv6 addresses consists of hex values of each of the 16-
bit chunks, separated by colons (:). For example:
3A57:0:0:9CD5:3412:912D:6738:1928.

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