polymorphism
Pointers in C++
Pointer variable
• Pointer is a variable that holds a memory address, of another
variable.
int a =
25; a 25 p 1000
int *p; 1000 2000
p = &a;
cout<<"&a:"<<&a; &a:1000
cout<<"p:"<<p; p:1000 *()
cout<<"&p:"<<&p; &p:2000
cout<<"*p:"<<*p; *p:25
*Indicates value
at address
cout<<"*(&a):"<<*(&a); *(&a):25
(*p)++;
cout<<"*p:"<<*p; *p:26
cout<<"a:"<<a; a:26
Pointer to arrays
int main () 0 10 1000
ptr
{
1 20 1002
int arr[5] = {10,20,30,40,50};
int *ptr; 2 30 1004
Also, written as
ptr = arr; 3 40 1006
ptr = &arr[0]; 4 50 1008
for ( int i = 0; i < 5; i++ )
{
cout <<"*(ptr+" << i <<"):";
Output:
cout <<*(ptr + i) << endl;
*(ptr + 0) : 10
}
*(ptr + 1) : 20
return 0;
*(ptr + 2) : 30
}
*(ptr + 3) : 40
*(ptr + 4) : 50
Pointers and objects
• Just like pointers to normal variables and functions, we can have
pointers to class members (variables and methods).
class ABC
{ When accessing
public: members of a class
int a=50; given a pointer to an
}; object, use the
int main() arrow
{ (–>) operator
ABC ob1; instead of the dot
ABC *ptr; operator.
ptr = &ob1;
cout << ob1.a;
cout << ptr->a; // Accessing member with
pointer
Pointers and objects (Cont…)
class demo{
int i; When a pointer incremented it
public: points to next element of its
demo(int x){ type.
i=x; } An integer pointer will point to
int getdata(){
return i;}
the next integer.
The same is true for pointer to
};
int main() objects.
{
demo d[3]={55,66,77};
demo *ptr=d; //similar to
*ptr=&d[0]
for(int i=0;i<3;i++)
{
cout<<ptr->getdata()<<endl;
ptr++;
}
this pointer
class Test
{
this pointer
int mark; Within member function, the
float spi; members can be accessed directly,
public: without any object or class
void SetData(){ qualification.
mark =
this->mark = 70;
70; But implicitly members are being
spi == 6.5
this->spi 6.5;
; accessed using this pointer
}
void DisplayData(){
cout << "Mark= "<<mark;
cout << "spi= "<<spi;
}
} ; When a member function is called,
int main()
it automatically passes a pointer
{
Test o1;
to invoking object.
o1.SetData();
o1.DisplayData();
this pointer(Cont…)
• ‘this’ pointer represent an object that invoke or call a member
function.
• It will point to the object for which member function is called.
• It is automatically passed to a member function when it is called.
• It is also called as implicit argument to all member function.
Note:
Friend functions can not be accessed using this pointer, because
friends are not members of a class.
Only member functions have a this pointer.
A static member function does not have this pointer.
class sample
{
this pointer
int a,b;
public:
(Cont…)
void input(int a,int b){
this->a = a + b;
this->b = a - b; this pointer is used when local
}
variable’s name is same as
void output(){
member’s name.
cout<<"a = "<<a;
cout<<"b = "<<b;
}
};
int main()
{
sample ob1;
int a=5,b=8;
ob1.input(a,b);
ob1.output();
}
Pointer to Derived Class
class Base {
public:
void showBase(){
cout << "Base\n"; }
};
class Derv1 : public Base
{ Derived type casted to
public: base type
void showDerived(){
cout << "Derv1\n"; }
};
int main(){ Base pointer explicitly
Derv1 dv1; casted into derived type
Base* ptr;
ptr = &dv1;
ptr->showBase(); Output:
ptr->showDerived(); // Base
error
((Derv1 *)ptr)->show(); Derv1
}
class base Program
{
public:
int b;
void show()
{
cout<<"\nb="<<b;
}
};
class derived : public base
{
public:
int d;
void show()
{
cout<<"\n b="<<b<<"\n
d="<<d;
}
};
Virtual Function
• A virtual function is a member function that is declared within a
base class and redefined by a derived class.
• To create a virtual function, precede the function's declaration in
the base class with the keyword virtual.
Virtual Function
• When virtual function accessed "normally," it behave just like any
other type of class member function.
• But when it is accessed via a pointer it supports run time
polymorphism.
• Base class and derived class have same function name and base
class pointer is assigned address of derived class object then also
pointer will execute base class function.
• After making virtual function, the compiler will determine which
function to execute at run time on the basis of assigned address to
pointer of base class.
class Base { int main()
public: {
virtual void show(){ Derv1 dv1;
cout << "Base\n"; } Derv2 dv2;
}; Base* ptr;
class Derv1 : public Base ptr = &dv1;
{ ptr-
public: >show();
void show(){ ptr = &dv2;
cout << "Derv1\n"; } ptr-
}; >show();
class Derv2 : public Base }
{
public: Output:
void show(){ Derv1
cout << "Derv2\n"; } Derv2
};
ptr Base
&Derv1 virtual
ptr- show()
>show()
Derv1
ptr
show()
&Derv2
ptr-
>show() Derv2
show()
When a function is made virtual, C++ determines which function to
use at run time based on the type of object pointed by the base
pointer, rather than the type of pointer .
Rules for virtual base function
1. The virtual functions must be member of any class.
2. They cannot be static members.
3. They are accessed by using object pointers.
4. A virtual function can be a friend of another class.
5. A virtual function in a base class must be defined, even though it
may not be used.
Pure Virtual Function
• A pure virtual function is virtual function that has no definition
within the base class.
Pure virtual functions
• A pure virtual function means ‘do nothing’ function.
• We can say empty function. A pure virtual function has
no definition relative to the base class.
• Programmers have to redefine pure virtual function in
derived class, because it has no definition in base class.
• A class containing pure virtual function cannot be used
to create any direct objects of its own.
• This type of class is also called as abstract class.
Syntax:
virtual void display() = 0;
OR
virtual void display() {}
class Shape{ Program
protected:
float x; This is called abstract class
public:
void getData(){cin >> x;}
virtual float calculateArea() =
0;
};
class Square : public Shape
{
public:
float calculateArea()
{ return x*x; }
};
class Circle : public Shape
{
public:
float calculateArea()
{ return 3.14*x*x; }
};
int main() Program
{
Square s;
Circle c;
cout << "Enter length to calculate the area of a
square:";
s.getData();
cout<<"Area of square: " << s.calculateArea();
cout<<"Enter radius to calculate the area of a
circle: ";
c.getData();
cout << "Area of circle: " << c.calculateArea();
}Output:
Enter length to calculate the area of a square: 10
Area of square: 100
Enter radius to calculate the area of a circle: 9
Area of circle: 254.34
Thank You
