RESPIRATOR
Y SYSTEM
Shubham Teli
M. Pharm
(Pharmacology)
Introduction
• It is a system which provide oxygen to the parts of the body and
removes carbon di oxide from the body.
• The respiratory system consists of Nose, Pharynx, Larynx,
Trachea, Bronchi and Lungs.
Parts of Respiratory system (Structurally)
1. Upper Respiratory system- Nose, Pharynx, Larynx.
2. Lower Respiratory system- Trachea, Bronchi and Lungs.
Parts of Respiratory system (Functionally)
1. The conducting zone: consists of nose, pharynx,
larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, and terminal
bronchioles; their function is to filter, warm, and
moisten air and conduct it into the lungs.
2. The respiratory zone: consists of tissues within the
lungs where gas exchange occurs. These include
alveolar ducts, alveolar sacs, and alveoli; they are the
main sites of gas exchange between air and blood.
Nose
• The nose can be divided into external and internal portions.
• The external nose is the portion of the nose visible on the
face and consists of a supporting framework of bone and
hyaline cartilage covered with muscle and skin and lined by
a mucous membrane.
• The frontal bone, nasal bones, and maxillae form the bony
framework of the external nose.
• On the undersurface of the external nose are two openings
called nostrils.
• The space within the internal nose is called the nasal cavity
and the anterior part of this is called Nasal vestibule.
• The nasal cavity is devided into 3 portions superior, middle,
and inferior meatuses & these increases surface area in the
internal nose and prevents dehydration by trapping water
droplets during exhalation.
Functions of interior structures of the external
nose
1. Warming, moistening, and filtering incoming air;
2. Detecting olfactory stimuli.
3. Modifying speech vibrations as they pass through the
large, hollow resonating chambers.
Pharynx
• It also called as throat ( funnel shaped tube) & it is 13 cm
long.
• Common space used by both Respiratory tract and
digestive tract.
• It lies just posterior to the nasal and oral cavities, superior
to the larynx, and just anterior to the cervical vertebrae.
• Its wall is composed of skeletal muscles and is lined with a
mucous membrane.
• Contraction of the skeletal muscles assists in deglutition
(swallowing).
Nasopharynx:
• It lies posterior to the nasal cavity.
• The nasopharynx is lined with pseudostratified ciliated
columnar epithelium.
• There are five openings in its wall: two internal nares,
two openings that lead into the auditory
(pharyngotympanic) tubes (commonly known as the
eustachian tubes), and the opening into the oropharynx.
• The posterior wall also contains the pharyngeal tonsil
(adenoid) which protects against infection.
Oropharynx:
• oropharynx, lies posterior to the oral cavity
• It is lined with the non-keratinized stratified squamous
epithelium cells.
• This portion extends from the end of the nasopharynx
upto the lavel of hyoid bone.
• This portion has both respiratory and digestive
functions, serving as a common passageway for air, food,
and drink.
• Two pairs of tonsils, the palatine and lingual tonsils, are
found in the oropharynx
Laryngopharynx:
• It is the innermost portion of the pharynx.
• This is also called as Hypopharynx
• The anterior end of hypopharynx opens into larynx(Voice
box) and posterior end opens into the esophagus(food
tube)
Larynx
• The larynx or voice box, is a short passageway that
connects the laryngopharynx with the trachea.
• It lies in the midline of the neck anterior to the esophagus
and in between C4–C6 vertebraes.
• Epiglottis is large leaf shaped structure which prevent
swallowed materials from entering into the lower
respiratory tract.
• Larynx conduct air into the lower respiratory tract.
• The wall of the larynx is composed of 9 pieces of cartilages
those are 1 Thyroid cartilage, 1 Epiglotis, 1 Cricoid
cartilage, 2 Arytenoid, 2 Cuneiform, 2 Corniculate
cartilages.
Trachea, Bronchi, Bronchioles & Alveoli
• It is a tubular passageway for air that is about 121 cm long and
2.5 cm in diameter.
• It is located anterior to the esophagus.
• 16 to 20 incomplete C- shaped rings of hyaline cartilages
provide support to tracheal wall and keeps it always open.
• At the superior border of the T5 vertebrae, the trachea divides
into a right primary bronchus, which goes into the right lung,
and a left primary bronchus, which goes into the left lung.
• The right primary bronchus is more vertical, shorter, and wider
than the left.
• On entering the lungs, the primary bronchi divide to form
smaller secondary bronchi, one for each lobe of the lung.
• The secondary bronchi continue to branch, forming still
smaller bronchi, called tertiary bronchi, that divide into
bronchioles.
• Next into the Terminal bronchioles, Respiratory
bronchioles, Alveolar ducts and finally to the Alveoli.
• Alveoli are the cup shaped structures which are main
sites for gas exchanges.
LUNGS
Lungs
• There are two sac like lungs are present in the thoracic cavity.
• The lungs are protected by the ribs, sternum & vertebral
column.
• Below the lungs a dome shaped structure is present which is
called as Diaphragm.
• Each lung is enclosed and protected by a double-layered serous
membrane called the pleural membrane.
• Lungs are divided into ‘lobed’ structures as Right lung having 3
lobes such as superior lobe, medial lobe & inferior lobe.
• Left lung divided into 2 lobes such as superior lobe & inferior
lobe.
Physiology (events) of Respiration
1. Pulmonary ventilation: or breathing, is the inhalation
(inflow) and exhalation (outflow) of air and involves the
exchange of air between the atmosphere and the
alveoli of the lungs.
2. External respiration: is the exchange of gases between
the alveoli of the lungs and the blood in pulmonary
capillaries across the respiratory membrane. In this
process, pulmonary capillary blood gains O2 and loses
CO2.
3. Internal (tissue) respiration: is the exchange of gases
between blood in systemic capillaries and tissue cells. In
this step the blood loses O2 and gains CO2. Within cells,
the metabolic reactions that consume O2 and give off
CO2 during the production of ATP are termed cellular
respiration
Mechanism of Breathing
The mechanism of breathing depends upon the Pulmonary
ventilation and it has 2 phases.
• Inspiration (Inhalation)
• Expiration (Exhalation)
Inspiration
• Breathing in is called inhalation (inspiration)
• Before each inhalation, the air pressure inside the lungs is
equal to the air pressure of the atmosphere.
• For air to flow into the lungs, the pressure inside the
alveoli must become lower than the atmospheric
pressure.
• This condition is achieved by increasing the size of the
lungs.
• The dome shaped diaphragm which is formed by the
skeletal muscles gets contracted which increases the size
of lungs and this also raises the entire rib cage upwords.
• When the lung size increases it allow the air to flow inside
the lungs.
Expiration
• Breathing out, called exhalation (expiration)
• The pressure in the lungs is greater than the pressure
of the atmosphere.
• For air to flow out of the lungs, the pressure inside the
alveoli must become higher than the atmospheric
pressure.
• This condition is achieved by decreasing the size of the
lungs.
• The contracted diaphragm relaxes and move to its
original dome shape which decreases the size of the
lung and this causes the air to flow outside the lungs
• Tidal Volume: The amount of air which is received by the
lungs during normal breathing is known as Tidal volume.
• Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV): The amount of air can be
inhaled with maximum effort after normal amount has been
inhaled is known as IRV.
• Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV): The amount of air can be
exhaled with maximum effort after normal amount has been
exhaled is known as ERV.
• Residual Volume: This is the amount of air which is remains
in the lungs after normal respiration.
• Vital Capacity: It is the total all the air that can be taken in
and exhaled out of the lungs with the maximum effort.
• Inspiratory Capacity: The total sum of tidal volume and
Inspiratory reserve volume.
• Functional Residual capacity: It is the sum of ERV and
Residual volume.
• Total Lung Capacity: It is the total amount of air which can be
inhaled with maximum effort and also include ERV, RV.
Regulation of Respiratory system
Nervous
Mechanism
Nervous mechanism is controlled by
Respiratory centers
Medulla
Oblongata Pons
Medullary
Rhythmicity
Pneumotaxic Apneustic
area area
Inspiratory Expiratory
Area Area
Chemoreceptor
Mechanism
Chemo receptors Chemoreceptors
are sensory
neurons that
respond to
changes in the
Central Peripheral
Chemoreceptors Chemoreceptors levels of certain
(Near medulla (In aorta, and in chemicals in the
oblongata) the carotid bodies) body
H+ and Pco2 Po2, Pco2, H+
Pathway
Transport of Gases
• The blood transports gases between the lungs and
body tissues
• When O2 and CO2 enter the blood, certain
chemical reactions occur that aid in gas transport
and gas exchange
OXYGEN TRANSPORT
• Oxygen does not dissolve easily in water,
• In each inhaled oxygen 1.5 % will be dissolved in blood
plasma and 98.5 % will be bound to hemoglobin.
• Each 100 mL of oxygenated blood contain equivalent of 20
mL of gaseous O2.
• Means in 20 mL 0.3 mL of O2 dissolved in plasma & 19.7
mL will be bound to hemoglobin.
• By this binding process the O2 will be easily transported to
longer parts of body.
• The heme portion of hemoglobin contains four atoms of
iron.
• Each iron molecule bind to a molecule of O2, means
each hemoglobin molecule bind to 4 molecules of O2.
• The 98.5%Hbof the
+ O2 O2that is bound to hemoglobin
Hb-O2 is
(Oxyhemoglobin)
trapped inside RBCs, so only the dissolved O2 (1.5%) can
diffuse out of tissue capillaries into tissue cells.
The Relationship Between Hemoglobin and Oxygen Partial
Pressure
• The PO2 means the dissolved oxygen in blood.
• As the higher the PO2 , the more O2 combines with
Hb.
• If a molecule of Hb binds to 4 molecules of O2 that is
called as Fully Saturated.
• If a molecule of Hb binds to 2 molecules of O2 that is
called as 50% Saturated.
Oxygen–hemoglobin
dissociation curve
Factors affecting affinity of hemoglobin
for Oxygen
1. Acidity (pH): As acidity increases (pH decreases), the
affinity of hemoglobin for O2 decreases, and O2
dissociates more readily from hemoglobin.
2. Partial pressure of carbon dioxide: As PCO2 rises,
hemoglobin releases O2 more readily. As CO2 enters the
blood, much of it is temporarily converted to carbonic acid
(H2CO3) by carbonic anhydrase
3. Temperature: As temperature increases, so does the
amount of O2 released from hemoglobin
CARBON DIOXIDE TRANSPORT
• In each 100 mL of deoxygenated blood contains the
equivalent of 53 mL of gaseous CO2
• In that, only 7% is dissolved in blood plasma, so only this
much diffuses into alveolar air and exhaled upon reaching
Lungs.
• 23 % of the above CO2 will bind to the hemoglobin and is
called as Carbamino-hemoglobin (Hb-CO2)
• The remaining 70% of CO2 is transported in blood plasma as
bicarbonate ions (HCO3) As CO2 diffuses into systemic
capillaries and enters red blood cells, it reacts with water in
the presence of the enzyme carbonic anhydrase (CA) to
form carbonic acid, which dissociates into H and HCO3
Gas exchanging process
in Alveoli
Artificial Respiration
• It is a process of forcing of air into the lungs of someone
who has stopped breathing due to any causes such as
respiratory paralysis, drowning, electric shock, chowking,
gas or smoke inhalation or poisoning.
Resuscitation
It is a process of reviving someone from unconsciousness
or apparent death by providing artificial respiration
SCHAFER’S METHOD
Prone pressure method
HOLGER-NIELSON
METHOD
Arm lift back pressure method
SYLVESTER’S METHOD
Arm lift chest pressure method
DRINKER’S METHOD
BRAG PAUL’S METHOD
TANK RESPIRATORY METHOD
RESUSCITATOR
CPR
Cardiopulmonary
Resuscitation
• It is a technique used to maintain and
restore breathing and circulation and
in order to give oxygen and blood flow
to the brain, heart and other essential
organ.
Purpose of CPR
•A
•B
•C
• To save the life of Patient
Procedure
