WARM UP
Please sit down, get your books out and answer the
following questions.
B1:
Static Engineering Systems
L.O.s
• Concurrent & Non Concurrent Systems
• Outcome 2
• Outcome 3
Key terms
• Concurrent Forces
– Forces that all pass through a common point
• Non-Concurrent Forces
– Forces that do not all pass through a common point
• Coplanar Forces
– Forces acting on the same 2 dimensional plane
• Magnitude
– The size of a force
• Direction
– The orientation of the line in which the force is acting (the line of
action)
• Sense
– The direction along the line of action in which the force acts
Forces
• Forces act on components in a system and push or
pull.
• A force will tend to change the motion of an object
(acceleration).
• However in Static Systems the forces are in balance
so there is no overall or resultant force.
• This means the components will remain at constant
velocity (this maybe zero).
Diagrams
• Space Diagrams – a sketch of the physical arrangement of the
system.
• Free Body Diagrams – a sketch containing just the forces acting in
the system.
• Vector Diagrams – a sketch in which the lengths of the lines
representing the forces correspond to the magnitude. They may
also be arranged in a triangle or polygon of forces.
Resolving Forces
• A force, F, be resolved to its Vertical, Fy, and Horizontal, Fx ,
components.
• This is done to find the resultant force – the one force that represents
the combined effect of all the forces in a system.
• The total effect of all the Fy and Fx components are easily calculated
and they are then combined back to a single force.
Magnitude – Pythagoras
Resolving Forces
• A force, F, be resolved to its Vertical, Fy, and Horizontal, Fx ,
components.
• This is done to find the resultant force – the one force that
represents the combined effect of all the forces in a system.
• The total effect of all the Fy and Fx components are easily
calculated and they are then combined back to a single force.
Direction / Magnitude – SOHCAHTOA
Basic Form
Sin away from the angle
Finding Fy
Finding F
Resolving Forces
• A force, F, be resolved to its Vertical, Fy, and Horizontal, Fx ,
components.
• This is done to find the resultant force – the one force that represents
the combined effect of all the forces in a system.
• The total effect of all the Fy and Fx components are easily calculated
and they are then combined back to a single force.
Direction / Magnitude – SOHCAHTOA
Cos
Basic (
Form
F
Finding Fx
Cos through the angle
F=
Finding F
Resolving Forces
• A force, F, be resolved to its Vertical, Fy, and Horizontal, Fx ,
components.
• This is done to find the resultant force – the one force that represents
the combined effect of all the forces in a system.
• The total effect of all the Fy and Fx components are easily calculated
and they are then combined back to a single force.
Direction / Magnitude – SOHCAHTOA
Basic Form
Practice / Further learning
15N
10N
12 N 12 N
6N
36.8° 53.1°
8N 9N
Cos through the angle Pythagoras - Add to find the long side
10 Cos (36.8) = 8
10 Sin (36.8) = 6
Sin away from the angle
𝑡𝑎𝑛− 1
( 𝑜𝑝𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑒( 𝑦 )
𝐴𝑑𝑗𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡 ( 𝑥) )
Learning Example 2
5N 7.1N
8.2N
4N 2N 7N
53° 14° 82°
3N 8N 1N
6.5N 6.9N 25.8N
40°
30° 67°
11.3N 5.8N 10.9N
13N 9N 28N
70.7N 30N
29.7N 45° 53°
21N 40N
45° 70.7N
100N 50N
21N
Static Equilibrium
• As stated previously a STATIC SYSTEM has no tendency
to change velocity.
• This is because there is no Resultant Force.
• Therefore –
• In systems of concurrent forces this is sufficient to
define static equilibrium.
• However in non-concurrent systems there may be still a
tendency for the system to rotate.
Equilibriant
• Equilibrant –
– the force that when applied to a system of
forces will produce equilibrium.
– The force will be equal in direction and
magnitude of the resultant but have
opposite sense
Learning Example 1 - Extension
Resultant =
18.39N
55.3° below the horizontal
Positive sense
18.39N
55.3°
55.3°
18.39N
Moments
• Moment –
– is the tendency of a force to rotate an object (the turning
effect).
– Moment (M) of a force is calculated by
• multiplying the magnitude of the force F
• by the perpendicular distance (d)
• from the pivot point to the line of action of the force.
M = Fd
– Moments are either clockwise or anticlockwise.
– Moments are measured in Newton-metres, Nm
– Where there are 2 or more forces find the total of the moments
– Opposite directions are opposite signs – if there is a resultant
moment the rod will rotate that way – the direction is the sense
Practice -
• A 2m long plank is attached to a ship at one end, O.
The plank is horizontal, and a bird lands on the other
end, applying a downward force of magnitude 15N.
Model the plank as a light rod and find the turning
effect of the bird on the plank.
O
15N
Moment = Fd
= 15 x 2
= 30 Nm clockwise
Variant Examples -
A 0.2m spanner is attached n ce
ista 20N
to a bolt at a point O. A u lar d
c
force of 20N is applied at pe nd i
Pe r
60°
an angle of 60° to the 30°
0.2
other end of the spanner.
Find the turning effect of using SOHCAHTAO
the force on the bolt.
20N 20 sin 60
Perpendicular Distance = 0.2 sin 60
60°
O Moment = Fd
0.2m = (20) x (0.2 sin 60)
Moment = Fd = 3.46 Nm (3 s.f.) a.c.
= (20 sin 60) x 0.2
= 3.46 Nm (3 s.f.) anticlockwise
Practice / Further learning
• A force of 25N acts upon a light rod of length 5m,
pivoted at O. The 25N force acts vertically downwards,
and the rod makes an angle of 40° with the horizontal.
What is the turning effect about O? 50°
40°
25 cos 40
5m
25N
40°
O
d
Find d with SOHCAHTOA
d = 5 cos 40 5 (25 cos 40) = 95.8 Nm Clockwise
Moment = Fd
= 25 (5 cos 40)
= 95.8 Nm (3 s.f.) Clockwise
Practice -
The diagram shows a light rod AB. A force magnitude 5N acts vertically
downwards at C.
A force magnitude 4N acts at an angle of 30° at B as shown.
a) Show there is no overall moment when pivoted about A.
b) When pivoted at D which way will it rotate?
4N
D C 30°
A B
1m 1m 3m
5N
Resolve force at B Parallel & Perpendicular
BV = 4 sin 30 BH= 4 cos 30
Moments about A (clockwise is positive)
M = (5 x 2) − (4sin(30) x 5) = 0 Nm
Moments about D (clockwise is positive)
M = (5 x 1) − (4sin(30) x 4) = 5 − 8 = −3 Nm
Negative so anticlockwise
Moments in Equilibrium
• A rigid body in static equilibrium will not move
• as there is no resultant force in any direction
• also as there is no overall turning effect and the sum of
the moments about any point is zero.
Total clockwise moments = Total anticlockwise moments
• Equilibrium questions are solved by resolving
perpendicular forces to zero and equating clockwise and
anticlockwise moments.
Practice / Further learning
• Two weights 30N & 45N are placed on a light 8M beam as
shown with M at the midpoint. The beam is held in
equilibrium by a light, inextensible wire with tension, T,
attached at M.
- Find T and distance d. T
4m d
30N M 45N
Resolve Vertically for the whole beam Moments about M
30 + 45 = T = 75 N 45d = 30 x 4
d =120 ÷ 45
d = 2.67 m (3 s.f.)
Practice -
A 10m light rod AB has particles mass Ma kg & Mb kg on it at
A and B respectively.
The rod is supported in equilibrium by 2 vertical reaction
forces of magnitude 145N and 90N as shown.
- Find the values of Ma & Mb.
2m 5m 3m
A B
Ma g 145N 90N Mbg
Moments about A Moments about B
10 Mbg = (145 x 2) + (90 x 7) 10 Mag = (145 x 8) + (90 x 3)
Mb = 920 ÷ 10g Ma = 1430 ÷ 10g
Mb = 9.39 kg (3 s.f.) Ma = 14.6 kg (3 s.f.)
Variant Examples / Problem solving -
6m uniform beam AB weight 40N is supported at A by a
vertical reaction R. AB is held in horizontally by a vertical
wire attached 1m from the other end. A particle of weight
30N is placed 2m from the support R.
Find T and R.
T
3m 2m
A B
2m
R 30N 40N
Moments about A Resolving Vertically
5T = (30 x 2) + (40 x 3) = 180 T + R = 30 + 40
T =180 ÷ 5 = 36N R = 30 + 40 − 36 = 34N
Variant Examples / Problem solving -
A non-uniform wooden plank mass M kg rests horizontally on supports
at A & B, as shown. When a bucket of water mass 18kg is placed at
point C, the plank is in equilibrium and is on the point of tilting about B.
Find the value of M and the magnitude of the reaction at B.
0.8m B 1.2m
A C
Ra Mg Rb 18g
Moments about B Resolving Vertically
(Ra=0 as about to tilt) (Ra=0 as about to tilt)
0.8 Mg = 18g x 1.2 Ra + Rb = Mg + 18g
M = 21.6g ÷ 0.8g
Rb = 27g + 18g = 441 N
M = 27 kg
Static Equilibrium
• For static equilibrium of a system of non-concurrent force
three conditions must be met -
Equilibrant for non-concurrent forces -
100cm
2kN Find the Equilibrant.
53cm Convention of positive up and right.
100cm
A
25°
5kN
6kN
-7.44kN
45.5°
10.59kN -7.54kN
Equilibrant for non-concurrent forces-
100cm
2kN
Find the Equilibrant.
53cm
100cm Resolve Moments about A.
A
Clockwise is positive
s
25°
5kN
6kN
-7.44kN
45.5°
10.59kN
-7.54kN
Simply Supported Beams
• Simply Supported Beams
–A beam supported from below at two points.
• Concentrated Loads
– a narrowly focused force that can be assumed to
act at a specific point along the length of a beam
– eg the weight of a car parked on a bridge.
• Uniformly Distributed Loads (UDL)
– a force distributed along the full length (or a
defined section) of the beam, for example the
weight of the bridge itself.
Key Terms -
• Reactions –
– These are the forces acting on the beam by
the supports.
• Normal Reaction –
– The force that acts perpendicular to a
surface upon an object that is in contact
with the surface.
• Support Reaction –
– The forces that are maintaining the
equilibrium of a beam or structure.
Supports-
• Rollers
– provide a reaction normal to their point of contact with the beam
(vertically upwards with a horizontal beam). No horizontal
component.
• Pins
– can provide support in any direction so can have a vertical and
horizontal component.
Variant Examples / Problem solving -
Space Diagram 1m
UDL = 10kN/m
5m
6m 3m
20kN
Free body diagram
9.5m 5.5m
6m 9m
Ah
Av 20kN 50kN Bv
Conventions
Up, Right and Clockwise are positive.
Find Bv from moments around A
Find Av from moments around B
Check Fv and Fh
