IS 1893: 2002 - Criteria for Earthquake Resistant Design of Structures

Part 1: General provisions and Buildings Part 2: Liquid retaining tanks Part 3: bridges and retaining walls Part 4: Industrial structures

Part 5: Dams and embankments

IS 13920: 1993 Ductile Detailing of Reinforced

Concrete Structures Subjected to Seismic Forces

IS 4326: 1993 Earthquake Resistant Design and Construction of buildings IS 13827: 1993 Improving Earthquake Resistance of Earthen Buildings

IS 13828: 1993 - Improving Earthquake Resistance of Low Strength Masonry Buildings IS 13935: 1993 Repair and Seismic Strengthening of Buildings.

SAP2000 El Centro magnitude 1/20: 7.3% relative eccentricity: table measured acceleration 200

100

Acceleration (in/sec )

-100

-200 0 1 2 3 4 5 Time [sec] 6 7 8 9 10

SAP2000 Acceleration in ux, uy, u 150 100

________ Acceleration in ux ________ Acceleration in uy ________ Acceleration in u

Acceleration (in/sec )

50 0 -50 -100 -150 0 1 2 3 4 5 Time [sec] 6 7 8 9 10

Earthquake causes impulsive ground motions, which are complex and irregular in character, changing in period and amplitude each lasting for a small duration.

Therefore,

resonance

as

visualized

under

steady-state

sinusoidal excitations will not occur as it would need time to build up such amplitudes.

Exceptions: Resonance-like conditions have been seen to occur between long distance waves and tall structures founded on deep soft soils.

Acceleration (rad/sec )

Earthquake is not likely to occur simultaneously with wind or maximum flood or maximum sea waves. Static value of modulus of elasticity is considered unless more definite value is available. The code specifies design forces for structures standing on rock or soils which do not settle, liquefy or slide due to loss of strength during ground

vibrations

DESIGN BASIS EARTHQUAKE: DBE is defined as the maximum EQ that reasonably can be expected to experience at the site once during lifetime of the structure

MAXIMUM CONSIDERED EARTHQUAKE:

The EQ corresponding to the ultimate safety

requirements is often called MCE.

Generally DBE is half of MCE

Characteristics (intensity, duration, etc) of seismic

ground vibrations expected at any locations depends

upon

Magnitude of earthquake Its depth of focus Distance from the epicenter

Characteristics of the path through which the

seismic waves travel

Soil strata on which the structure stands

The random earthquake ground motions, which

cause the structure to vibrate, can be resolved in any three mutually perpendicular directions, the

predominant direction of ground vibration being

horizontal.

Vertical acceleration should be considered in

structures with large spans Structures in which stability is a criterion for

design

Overall stability analysis of structures

Special attention to be paid to the effect of vertical component of the ground motion on pre-stressed or cantilevered beams, girders and slabs reduction of

gravity force due to vertical component.

Response of structure to ground vibrations is a function of

Nature of foundation soil Materials, form, size and mode of construction Duration and characteristics of ground motion

Design approach in IS1893 is to ensure that structures possess at least a minimum strength to withstand

Minor earthquakes (<DBE) which occur frequently without damage

Resist moderate earthquake (DBE) without significant

structural

damage

though

some

non-structural

damage may occur

Structure withstand major earthquake (MCE) without

collapse.

Actual forces that appear on structures during EQ are much greater than the design forces specified in the code.

However, ductility arising from inelastic material

behaviour and detailing, over strength are relied

upon to account for the difference.

The design lateral force shall be considered in each of the two orthogonal horizontal directions of the structure.

For structures which have lateral force resisting

elements in the two orthogonal directions, the design lateral force shall be considered along one direction at a

time, and not in both directions simultaneously.

Equipment and other systems, which are supported at various floor levels of the structure, will be subjected to

motions corresponding to vibrations at their support

points.

In important cases, it may be necessary to obtain floor

response spectra for design of equipment supports.

Plastic design of steel structures: 1) 1.7 (DL + IL) 2) 1.7 (DL EL) 3) 1.3 (DL + IL EL) Limit state design of RC and PSC structures 1) 1.5 (DL + IL) 2) 1.2 (DL + IL EL) 3) 1.5 (DL EL) 4) 0.9 DL 1.5 EL

For various loading classes as specified in IS 875 (Part 2), the earthquake force shall be calculated for the full dead load plus the percentage of imposed load as given in Table 8.

For calculating the design seismic forces, the imposed load on roof need NOT be considered.

Lateral load resisting elements oriented along orthogonal horizontal

directions the structure designed for full design EL in one horizontal direction at a time. Lateral load resisting elements NOT oriented along orthogonal horizontal directions the structure designed for full EL in one horizontal direction PLUS 30% design EL in other direction. 1) 1.5 (DL + IL) 2) 1.2 (DL + IL EL) 3) 1.5 (DL EL) 4) 0.9 DL 1.5 EL

EL replaced by
(ELx 0.3 ELy) or (ELy 0.3 ELx)

When

responses

from

three

earthquake

components are to be considered, then EL is the maximum of the following three cases:
(ELx 0.3 ELy ELz)
(ELy 0.3 ELx ELz) (ELz 0.3 ELx ELz)

Alternatively

The square root of the sum of the squares could

be used.

EL = [ (ELx)2 + (ELy)2 + (ELz)2 ]1/2

When EQ forces

and other design normal forces are

considered, the permissible stresses in material, in elastic

method of design, may be increased by one-third.

For steels having definite yield stress, the stress is limited to the yield stress

For steels without definite yield point, use lower of

80% of ultimate strength 0.2 % proof stress

In PSC members, the tensile stress may be permitted so as not

to exceed two-thirds of modulus of rupture of concrete.

When EQ forces are included, the allowable bearing pressure in soils shall be increased as per Table 1, depending upon the type of foundation of the structure and the type of soil.

The total seismic force that a structure must resist is written as VB = Ah W. Ah = (Z/2) (I/R) (Sa/g)

Z : zone factor I : importance factor (1.0 and 1.5) R : Response Reduction Factor, depending on the perceived seismic damage performance of the structure (ductile or brittle). Table 7

Sa/g : Average response acceleration coefficient. W : Seismic weight of the building Fundamental natural period

Seismic Weight of Floors

The seismic weight of each floor is its full dead load plus appropriate amount of imposed load.

While computing the seismic weight of each floor, the weight

of columns and walls in any storey shall be equally distributed to the floors above and below the storey.

Seismic Weight of Building

It is the sum of the seismic weight of all the floors.

Any weight supported in between storeys shall be distributed to the floors above and below in inverse proportion to its distance from the floors.

Moment-resisting frame building without brick infill panels:

Ta = 0.075 h0.75 for RC frame building

Ta = 0.085 h0.75 for steel frame building

h = height of building in m. This excludes the basement storeys, where basement walls are connected with the ground floor deck or fitted between the building columns. But it includes the basement storeys, when they are not so connected.

For all other buildings, including moment-resisting frame buildings with brick infill panels is Ta = 0.09h/d0.5, where d is the basement dimension of the building at the plinth level in m, along the considered direction of the lateral force.

Vertical Distribution of Base Shear to Different Floor

Levels:

The design base shear computed earlier shall be distributed along the height of the building using,

Dynamic analysis is mandatory for Regular buildings Those greater than 40 m in height in Zones IV and V, and those greater than 90 m in height in Zones II and III. Irregular buildings All framed buildings higher than 12m in Zones IV and V, and those greater than 40 m in height in Zones II and III. For irregular buildings, lesser than 40 m in height in Zones II and III, dynamic analysis, even though not mandatory, is recommended. Dynamic analysis may be performed either by Time-History Method or Response Spectrum Method

Damping for buildings may be taken as 2% and

5% of critical, for respectively. steel and RC buildings,

Time History method:

This method of analysis when used, shall be based on an appropriate ground motion and shall be performed using accepted principles of

dynamics.

Response Spectrum Method:

This method of analysis shall be performed using the design spectrum specified in 6.4.2 or by site-specific

design spectrum.

Free Vibration Analysis:

Undamped free vibration analysis of the entire building shall be performed as per established methods of mechanics using the appropriate masses

and elastic stiffness of the structural system to obtain

natural periods (T) and mode shapes ().