8086 MICROPROCESSOR
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Introduction to Microprocessors:
History of Microprocessors:
INTEL 4004 ( 1971)
• 4-bit microprocessor
• 4 KB main memory
• 45 instructions
• PMOS technology
• was first programmable device which was used in calculators
• INTEL 8008 (1972)
• 8-bit version of 4004
• 16 KB main memory
• 48 instructions
• PMOS technology
Intel 8080 (1973)
• 8-bit microprocessor
• 64 KB main memory
• 2 microseconds clock cycle time
• 500,000 instructions/sec
• 10X faster than 8008
• NMOS technology
• Drawback was that it needed three phase power supplies.
• INTEL 80186 (1982)
• 16-bit microprocessor-upgraded version of 8086
• 1 MB main memory
• Contained special hardware like programmable counters, interrupt
controller etc.
• Never used in the PC
• But was ideal for systems that required a minimum of hardware .
INTEL 8086/8088:
• Year of introduction 1978 for 8086 and 1979 for 8088
• 16-bit microprocessors
• Data bus width of 8086 is 16 bit and 8 bit for 8088
• 1 MB main memory
• 400 nanoseconds clock cycle time
• 6 byte instruction cache for 8086 and 4 byte for 8088
• Other improvements included more registers and additional
instructions
• In 1981 IBM decided to use 8088 in its personal computer
• FEATURES OF 8086
• The 8086 is a 16 bit processor.
• The 8086 has a 16 bit Data bus.
• The 8086 has a 20 bit Address bus.
• Direct addressing capability 1 M Byte of Memory (220)
• It provides fourteen 16-bit register.
• Operand addressing modes.
• Four general-purpose 16-bit registers: AX, BX, CX, DX
• Available in 40pin Plastic Package and Lead Chip.
History of Microprocessors
Processor No. of bits Clock speed (Hz) Year of introduction
4004 4 740K 1971
8008 8 500K 1972
8080 8 2M 1974
8085 8 3M 1976
8086 16 5, 8 or 10M 1978
8088 16 5, 8 or 10M 1979
80186 16 6M 1982
80286 16 8M 1982
80386 32 16 to 33M 1986
80486 32 16 to 100M 1989
Pentium 32 66M 1993
Pentium II 32 233 to 500M 1997
Pentium III 32 500M to 1.4G 1999
Pentium IV 32 1.3 to 3.8G 2000
Dual core 32 1.2 to 3 G 2006
Core 2 Duo 64 1.2 to 3G 2006
i3, i5 and i7 64 2.4G to 3.6G 2010
General Architecture of
Microprocessors
INPUT OUTPUT
REGISTER
ALU ARRAY
INTERNAL BUS(ADDRESS,DATA)
CONTROL
RAM ROM
Memory
• REGISTER ORGANISATION OF 8086
Memory segmentation
• Memory segmentation is nothing which is the methods
where whole memory is divided into the smaller parts.
• In 8086 microprocessor memory are divided into four parts
which is known as the segments.
• These segments are data segment, code segment, stack
segment and extra segment.
• A segment is just an area in memory.
• In memory, data is stored as bytes.
• Each byte has a specific address.
• Intel 8086 has 20 lines address bus.
• With 20 address lines, the memory that can be addressed is
2 power20 bytes.
• 2power20= 1,048,576 bytes (1 MB).
• 8086 can access memory with these address.
• It ranges from 0000 H t o FFFFFH
• Each of these segments are addressed by an address stored
in corresponding segment register.
• These registers are of 16-bit in size.
• Each register stores the base address(starting address) of the
corresponding segment.
• Because the segment registers cannot store 20 bits, they
only store the upper 16 bits.
• Offset value of memory segment
Microprocessor Based Personal Computer System
The memory map of a personal computer
The Transient Program Area(TPA)
System Area BIOS System
Basic language rom
(only for early PC)
Free Area
Video BIOS ROM
Video RAM
(text area)
Video RAM
(graphic area)
8086 Microprocessor features:
• It is 16-bit microprocessor.
• has a 16-bit data bus, so it can read data from or write data to memory and ports
either 16-bit or 8-bit at a time.
• It has 20 bit address bus and can access up to 220 memory locations (1 MB).
• It can support up to 64K I/O ports
• It provides 14, 16-bit registers
• It has multiplexed address and data bus AD0-AD15 & A16-A19
• It requires single phase clock with 33% duty cycle to provide internal timing.
• Prefetches up to 6 instruction bytes from memory and queues them in order to
speed up the processing.
• 8086 supports 2 modes of operation
• a. Minimum mode
• b. Maximum mode
