Advance Computer

Network
LECTURE 1 LECTURER M
HAMAD EJAZ
 Computer network

 A computer network is a system that

connects two or more computing devices for
transmitting and sharing information.

 Computing devices include everything from

a mobile phone to a server.

 These devices are connected using physical

wires such as fiber optics, but they can also
be wireless.
History about Network

 The first working network, called ARPANET, was created in

the late 1960s and was funded by the U.S. Department of
Defense.
 Government researchers used to share information at a time
when computers were large and difficult to move.
 We have come a long way today from that basic kind of
network. Today’s world revolves around the internet, which is
a network of networks that connects billions of devices
across the world. Organizations of all sizes use networks to
connect their employees’ devices and shared resources such
as printers
Applications of
Computer Networking
Some of the applications of Computer Networking are discussed below:
• Resource Sharing: Resource Sharing is one of the important applications of
Computer Networking. You can share a single software among Multiple users.
We can also share Hardware Devices via this technique.

• Communication: Communication Medium means various ways through

which we can communicate like Email Calls, broadcasts, etc.

• Home Applications: Home Applications are an important application of

Computer Networking. Examples are User-to-User Communication,
Entertainment, E-Commerce, etc.

• Business Applications: Business Application is also an important

application of Computer Networking. Almost all companies are doing business
online with the help of Computer Networking.

• Social Media: Social Media is one of the recent and widely used applications
of Computer Networking. It helps people in getting news, feed, current
trending topics of all types, etc.
• Access to Remote Information: Computer Networking helps in
accessing remote information from the end-users. For Example.
details required for train tickets, plane tickets, etc.

• Cloud Computing: Computer Networking has facilitated the

development of cloud computing, which allows users to store and
access data and applications from remote servers via the internet.

• Virtualization: Networking technologies also enable

virtualization, which allows multiple virtual machines to run on a
single physical machine, improving resource utilization and
reducing costs.

• Online Education: Computer Networking has revolutionized

education by providing online learning platforms, distance
education, and virtual classrooms.

• Remote Working: Networking technologies have enabled remote

working, allowing employees to work from home or other locations
outside of the office. This has become especially important during
the COVID-19 pandemic.
• E-commerce: Computer Networking has facilitated
the growth of e-commerce by allowing businesses
to sell their products and services online and reach
a global market.

• Telemedicine: Networking technologies have also

enabled telemedicine, allowing doctors and
healthcare providers to provide remote medical
consultations and diagnosis to patients in remote
locations.

• Real-time Collaboration: Networking

technologies enable real-time collaboration,
allowing people to work together on projects and
share information in real-time, no matter where
they are located.
 Advantages of Computer Networking

• Central Storage of Data: Files can be stored on a central node (the file
server) that can be shared and made available to every user in an organization.

• Connectivity: There is a negligible range of abilities required to connect to a

modern computer network. The effortlessness of joining makes it workable for
even youthful kids to start exploring the data.

• Faster Problem-solving: Since an extensive procedure is disintegrated into a

few littler procedures and each is taken care of by all the associated gadgets,
an explicit issue can be settled in lesser time. innovation, you can do most of
this with no issue, while having all the space you require for capacity.
• Reliability: Reliability implies backing up information. Due to some reason
equipment crashes, and so on, the information gets undermined or
inaccessible on one PC, and another duplicate of similar information is
accessible on another workstation for future use, which prompts smooth
working and further handling without interruption.

• Flexible: This innovation is known to be truly adaptable, as it offers clients

the chance to investigate everything about fundamental things, for example,
programming without influencing their usefulness.

• Security through Authorization: Security and protection of information are

additionally settled through the system. As just the system clients are
approved to get to specific records or applications, no other individual can
crack the protection or security of information.

• Storage capacity: Since you will share data, records, and assets with other
individuals, you need to guarantee all information and substance are
legitimately put away in the framework. With this systems administration
Disadvantages of Computer Networking

Some of the main disadvantages of Computer

Networking are discussed below:
• Expensive: Execution of the network can be
expensive in the case of an initial setup, as the wires
and the cost of the cable are high and sometimes
equipment is also costly.
• Virus and Malware: Computer Networking can lead
to the spreading of viruses to another computer
through the network.
• Management of the network: Management of the Network
is quite difficult as it requires skilled persons to handle that
large network. It requires training of people who are
employed in this work.

• Loss of Information: In case of a crash of the Computer

Network, it can lead to the loss of information or not being
able to access information for some time.

• The system can be Hacked: In the case of Wide Area

Networks(WAN), there is a threat of Hacking of the System.
Some security features should be added to prevent such
things.
Layers of OSI Model

 OSI stands for Open Systems

Interconnection. It has been developed by
ISO – ‘International Organization of
Standardization‘, in the year 1984.
 It is a 7 layer architecture with each layer
having specific functionality to perform.
 All these 7 layers work collaboratively to
transmit the data from one person to another
across the globe
Layers of OSI Model
Physical Layer (Layer
1) :
Physical Layer (Layer 1) :

 The lowest layer of the OSI reference model is the physical

layer. It is responsible for the actual physical connection
between the devices.
 The physical layer contains information in the form of bits. It
is responsible for transmitting individual bits from one node
to the next.
 When receiving data, this layer will get the signal received
and convert it into 0s and 1s and send them to the Data Link
layer, which will put the frame back together.
The functions of the physical layer
are :

 Bit synchronization
 Bit rate control
 Physical topologies
 Transmission mode
Physical topologies
and Transmission mode
 Physical topologies: Physical layer specifies the
way in which the different, devices/nodes are
arranged in a network i.e. bus, star or mesh
topology.
 Transmission mode: Physical layer also defines
the way in which the data flows between the two
connected devices. The various transmission
modes possible are: Simplex, half-duplex and
full-duplex.
Bit synchronization
and Bit rate control
 Bitsynchronization: The physical layer
provides the synchronization of the bits by
providing a clock. This clock controls both
sender and receiver thus providing
synchronization at bit level.
 Bit rate control: The Physical layer also
defines the transmission rate i.e. the
number of bits sent per second
 Data Link Layer
(DLL) (Layer 2) :
LECTURE 6
Data Link Layer (DLL)

 The data link layer is responsible for the node to node delivery
of the message.
 The main function of this layer is to make sure data transfer is
error-free from one node to another, over the physical layer.
 When a packet arrives in a network, it is the responsibility of
DLL to transmit it to the Host using its MAC address.
Data Link Layer is divided into two sub layers

Logical Link Control (LLC)

 Media Access Control (MAC)
 The packet received from Network layer is further divided into
frames depending on the frame size of NIC(Network Interface
Card). DLL also encapsulates Sender and Receiver’s MAC
address in the header.
 The Receiver’s MAC address is obtained by placing an
ARP(Address Resolution Protocol) request onto the wire asking
“Who has that IP address?” and the destination host will reply
with its MAC address.
Data Link Layer

 Data Link Layer

Functions of the data
Link layer
 The functions of the data Link layer are
 Framing: Framing is a function of the data link layer. It
provides a way for a sender to transmit a set of bits that are
meaningful to the receiver. This can be accomplished by
attaching special bit patterns to the beginning and end of
the frame.
 Physical addressing: After creating frames, Data link
layer adds physical addresses (MAC address) of sender
and/or receiver in the header of each frame.
 Function

 Error control: Data link layer provides the mechanism of

error control in which it detects and retransmits damaged
or lost frames.
 Flow Control: The data rate must be constant on both
sides else the data may get corrupted thus , flow control
coordinates that amount of data that can be sent before
receiving acknowledgement.
 Access control: When a single communication channel is
shared by multiple devices, MAC sub-layer of data link
layer helps to determine which device has control over the
channel at a given time.
Key points

 Packet in Data Link layer is referred as Frame.

**Data Link layer is handled by the NIC
(Network Interface Card) and device drivers of
host machines.
*Switch & Bridge are Data Link Layer devices.