MySQL

Avinash Pathak

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 Objectives
• To understand the MySQL implementation
• To get familiar with the MySQl environment
• To get updated on various features of the MySQL:
• Databases
• Tables
• CRUD/CRID
• Queries
• Indexes

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 MySQL
• Login command -> mysql –u root
• \h it will show list of commands that can be issued at the mysql
prompt

• show databases; to display current databases available

• exit; to quit mysql
• quit; to quit mysql

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 Databases
• show databases;
• will display list of current databases available

• create database temp;

• to create a new database, called as "temp"

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 Databases
• show databases;
• check whether the new database has been created or not

• Use temp;
• to use a database whose name is "temp“

• show tables;
• to display list of tables in the current database, "temp"

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 Databases
• drop database temp;
• to delete the "temp" database

• show databases;
• check whether the database has got deleted or not

• create database test1;

• create another new database, "test1"

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 Databases
• use test1;
• switch to the newly created database,"test1“

• show tables;
• display list of tables in the database "test1", currently it will be empty

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 Databases
• select database();
• to display the currently used database

• create database if not exists t1;

• to create database "t1", if it not exists

• drop database if exists t1;

• to drop or delete database "t1", if it exists

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 Databases
• select database();
• to display the currently used database

• show tables;
• to show list of all the tables in the current database

• show create database test1;

• to show the system create statement of the database "test"

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 Tables
• create table emp (empid int(4)unsigned not null
auto_increment,empname varchar(10) not null,
• primary key (empid));

• show tables;
• to show list of all the tables in the current database

• describe emp;
• to display the structure of the table "emp"
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 Databases
• show create table emp;
• to display the system create statement for table "emp“

• insert into emp values(null,'avinash');

• to insert one record of employee

• select * from emp;

• to display all the records of the table emp

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 Insert
• INSERT INTO statement is used to insert new records in a table.
• It is possible to write the INSERT INTO statement in two ways.
• INSERT INTO table_name (column1, column2, column3, ...)
• VALUES (value1, value2, value3, ...);

• INSERT INTO table_name

• VALUES (value1, value2, value3, ...);
• Above make sure the order of the values is in the same order as the
columns in the table.
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 Insert
• INSERT INTO Customers (CustomerName, ContactName, Address,
City, PostalCode, Country)
• VALUES ('tata', 'suresh', '21 wadgaon', 'pune', '411012', 'india')

• The CustomerID column is an auto-increment field and will be

generated automatically
• when a new record is inserted into the table.

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 Insert
• It is also possible to only insert data in specific columns.
• The following SQL statement will insert a new record, but only insert
data in
• the "CustomerName", "City", and "Country" columns (CustomerID will
be updated automatically):
• INSERT INTO Customers (CustomerName, City, Country)
• VALUES ('anil', 'pune', 'india');

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 Distinct
• Create a Table "Customers"
• The fields in the Customers table are:
• CustomerID, CustomerName, ContactName, Address, City ,
PostalCode, Country
• To display all columns/fields data

• SELECT * FROM Customers;

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 Distinct
• To select the "CustomerName" and "City" columns from the
"Customers" table:

• SELECT CustomerName, City FROM Customers;

• The SELECT DISTINCT statement is used to return only distinct

(different) values.
• SELECT Country FROM Customers;
• SELECT DISTINCT City FROM Customers;
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 Count()
• SELECT COUNT(City) FROM Customers;

• SELECT COUNT(DISTINCT City) FROM Custo

• mers;

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 Where
• WHERE clause is used to extract only those records that fulfill a
specified condition.

• WHERE clause is not only used in SELECT statement, it is also used in

UPDATE, DELETE
• SELECT * FROM Customers
• WHERE City='pune';
• SELECT * FROM Customers
• WHERE CustomerID=1;
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 Operators
• = Equal

• <> Not equal. Note: In some versions of SQL this operator may be written as !=

• > Greater than

• < Less than

• >= Greater than or equal

• <= Less than or equal

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 Operators
• BETWEEN Between an inclusive range

• LIKE Search for a pattern

• IN To specify multiple possible values for a column

• The WHERE clause can be combined with AND, OR, and NOT
operators.

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 Operators
• The AND and OR operators are used to filter records based on more than
one condition:

• The AND operator displays a record if all the conditions separated by

AND is TRUE.

• The OR operator displays a record if any of the conditions separated by

OR is TRUE.

• The NOT operator displays a record if the condition(s) is NOT TRUE.

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 Operators
• SELECT * FROM Customers
• WHERE Country='indi' AND City='pune';

• SELECT * FROM Customers

• WHERE NOT City='pune';

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 Operators
• SELECT * FROM Customers
• WHERE Country='india' OR City='pune';

• SELECT * FROM Customers

• WHERE Country='india' AND (City='pune' OR City='mumbai');

• SELECT * FROM Customers

• WHERE NOT Country='india' AND NOT Country='nepal';

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 Order By
• The ORDER BY keyword is used to sort the result-set in ascending or
descending order.

• The ORDER BY keyword sorts the records in ascending order by

default.

• To sort the records in descending order, use the DESC keyword.

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 Order By
• SELECT * FROM Customers
• ORDER BY Country;

• SQL statement selects all customers from the "Customers" table,

• sorted DESCENDING by the "Country" column:

• SELECT * FROM Customers

• ORDER BY Country DESC;

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 Order By
• SQL statement selects all customers from the "Customers" table,
• sorted by the "Country" and the "CustomerName" column:

• SELECT * FROM Customers

• ORDER BY Country, CustomerName;

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 Order By
• SQL statement selects all customers from the "Customers" table,
sorted ascending by the "Country" and descending by the
"CustomerName" column:

• SELECT * FROM Customers

• ORDER BY Country ASC, CustomerName DESC;

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 Null Values
• A field with a NULL value is a field with no value.

• If a field in a table is optional, it is possible to insert a new record or

update a record without adding a value to this field.

• Then, the field will be saved with a NULL value.

• Always use IS NULL to look for NULL values.

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 Null Values
• It is very important to understand that a NULL value is different from a zero
value
• or a field that contains spaces.

• A field with a NULL value is one that has been left blank during record creation!

• It is not possible to test for NULL values with comparison operators, such as =,
<, or <>.

• We will have to use the IS NULL and IS NOT NULL operators instead.

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 Null Values
SELECT LastName, FirstName, Address FROM Persons
WHERE Address IS NULL;

SELECT LastName, FirstName, Address FROM Persons

WHERE Address IS NOT NULL;

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 Update
• The UPDATE statement is used to modify the existing records in a
table.

• Be careful when updating records in a table! Notice the WHERE clause

in the UPDATE statement.

• The WHERE clause specifies which record(s)that should be updated.

• If you omit the WHERE clause, all records in the table will be updated
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 Update
UPDATE Customers
SET ContactName='suresh';

UPDATE Customers
SET ContactName = 'suresh', City= 'pune'
WHERE CustomerID = 1;

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Update
• It is the WHERE clause that determines how many records that will be
updated.

• The following SQL statement will update the contactname to "suresh" for
all records
• where country is "india":

• UPDATE Customers
• SET ContactName='suresh'
• WHERE Country='india';
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 Delete
• The DELETE statement is used to delete existing records in a table.

• Be careful when deleting records in a table! Notice the WHERE clause

in the DELETE statement.

• The WHERE clause specifies which record(s) that should be deleted

• If you omit the WHERE clause, all records in the table will be deleted

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Delete
• DELETE FROM Customers
• WHERE CustomerName='suresh';
• It is possible to delete all rows in a table without deleting the table.

• This means that the table structure, attributes, and indexes will be intact:

• DELETE FROM table_name;

DELETE FROM Customers;

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 Limit
• MySQL supports the LIMIT clause to select a limited number of
records, while Oracle uses ROWNUM.

• SELECT column_name(s)
• FROM table_name WHERE condition LIMIT number;

• SELECT * FROM Customers

LIMIT 3;

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 Aggregate Functions
• For these examples create "Prodcuts" and "OrderDeatils" tables,
accordingly

• The MIN() function returns the smallest value of the selected column.

• SELECT MIN(Price) AS SmallestPrice

• FROM Products;

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Aggregate Functions
• The MAX() function returns the largest value of the selected column.

• SELECT MAX(Price) AS LargestPrice

• FROM Products;

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 Aggregate Functions
• The COUNT() function returns the number of rows that matches a
specified criteria.

• SELECT COUNT(ProductID)
• FROM Products;

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 Aggregate Functions
• The SUM() function returns the total sum of a numeric column.

• SELECT SUM(Quantity)
• FROM OrderDetails;

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 Aggregate Functions
• The AVG() function returns the average value of a numeric column.

• SELECT AVG(Price)
• FROM Products;

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 Like
• The LIKE operator is used in a WHERE clause to search for a specified pattern
in a column.

• There are two wildcards used in conjunction with the LIKE operator:

•% - The percent sign represents zero, one, or multiple characters

•_ - The underscore represents a single character

• The percent sign and the underscore can also be used in combinations
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 Like
• You can also combine any number of conditions using AND or OR operators.

• WHERE CustomerName LIKE 'a%'

• Finds any values that starts with "a"

• WHERE CustomerName LIKE '%a'

• Finds any values that ends with "a"

• WHERE CustomerName LIKE '%or%'

• Finds any values that have "or" in any position
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 Like
• WHERE CustomerName LIKE '_r%'
• Finds any values that have "r" in the second position

• WHERE CustomerName LIKE 'a_%_%'

• Finds any values that starts with "a" and are at least 3 characters in
length

• WHERE ContactName LIKE 'a%o'

• Finds any values that starts with "a" and ends with "o"
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 Like
• SQL statement selects all customers with a CustomerName starting
with "a":

• SELECT * FROM Customers

• WHERE CustomerName LIKE 'a%';

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 Like
• SQL statement selects all customers with a CustomerName ending
with "a":

• SELECT * FROM Customers

• WHERE CustomerName LIKE '%a';

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 Like
• SQL statement selects all customers with a CustomerName that have
"or" in any position:

• SELECT * FROM Customers

• WHERE CustomerName LIKE '%or%';

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Like
• SQL statement selects all customers with a CustomerName that have
"r" in the second position:

• SELECT * FROM Customers

• WHERE CustomerName LIKE '_r%';

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 Like
• SQL statement selects all customers with a CustomerName that starts
with "a" and are at least 3
• characters in length:

• SELECT * FROM Customers

• WHERE CustomerName LIKE 'a_%_%';

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 Like
• SQL statement selects all customers with a CustomerName that starts
with "a" and ends with "o":

• SELECT * FROM Customers

• WHERE ContactName LIKE 'a%o';

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 Like
• SQL statement selects all customers with a CustomerName that NOT
starts with "a":

• SELECT * FROM Customers

• WHERE CustomerName NOT LIKE 'a%';

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 In
• For the examples you need to create a "Suppliers" table also

• The IN operator allows you to specify multiple values in a WHERE

clause.

• The IN operator is a shorthand for multiple OR conditions.

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 In
• SELECT column_name(s)
• FROM table_name
• WHERE column_name IN (value1, value2, ...);

• SELECT column_name(s)
• FROM table_name
• WHERE column_name IN (SELECT STATEMENT);

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 In
• SQL statement selects all customers that are located in "Germany",
"France" and "UK":

• SELECT * FROM Customers

• WHERE Country IN ('Germany', 'France', 'UK');

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 In
• SQL statement selects all customers that are NOT located in
"Germany", "France" or "UK":

• SELECT * FROM Customers

• WHERE Country NOT IN ('Germany', 'France', 'UK');

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 In
• SQL statement selects all customers that are from the same countries
as the suppliers:

• SELECT * FROM Customers

• WHERE Country IN (SELECT Country FROM Suppliers);

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 Between
• The BETWEEN operator selects values within a given range.

• The values can be numbers, text, or dates.

• The BETWEEN operator is inclusive: begin and end values are

included.

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 Between
• SQL statement selects all products with a price BETWEEN 10 and 20:

• SELECT * FROM Products

• WHERE Price BETWEEN 10 and 20 ;

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 Between
• To display the products outside the range of the previous example,
use NOT BETWEEN:

• SELECT * FROM Products

• WHERE Price NOT BETWEEN 10 AND 20;

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 Between
• SQL statement selects all products with a price BETWEEN 10 and 20.
In addition;
• do not show products with a CategoryID of 1,2, or 3:

• SELECT * FROM Products

• WHERE (Price BETWEEN 10 AND 20)
• AND NOT CategoryID IN (1,2,3);

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 Between
• SQL statement selects all products with a ProductName BETWEEN
'brittiana' and 'marie':

• SELECT * FROM Products

• WHERE ProductName BETWEEN 'brittiana' AND 'marie'
• ORDER BY ProductName;

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 Between
• SQL statement selects all products with a ProductName NOT
BETWEEN 'brittiana' and 'marie':

• SELECT * FROM Products

• WHERE ProductName NOT BETWEEN 'brittiana' AND 'marie'
• ORDER BY ProductName;

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 Between
• SQL statement selects all orders with an OrderDate BETWEEN '04-
July-2016' and '09-July-2016':

• SELECT * FROM Orders

• WHERE OrderDate BETWEEN #07/04/2016# AND
#07/09/2016#; ..........not supported mysql

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 Aliases
• SQL aliases are used to give a table, or a column in a table, a
temporary name.
• Aliases are often used to make column names more readable.
• Aliases can be useful when:-
• There are more than one table involved in a query
• Functions are used in the query
• Column names are big or not very readable
• Two or more columns are combined together

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 Aliases
• An alias only exists for the duration of the query.

• SELECT column_name AS alias_name

• FROM table_name;

• SELECT column_name(s)
• FROM table_name AS alias_name;

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 Aliases
• SQL statement creates two aliases, one for the CustomerID column
and one for the CustomerName column:

• SELECT CustomerID as ID, CustomerName AS Customer

• FROM Customers;

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 Aliases
• SQL statement creates an alias named "Address" that combine 3
columns

• (Address, City and Country):

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 Aliases

• SELECT CustomerName, CONCAT(Address,', ',PostalCode,', ',City,',

',Country) AS Address FROM Customers;

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 Aliases
• We use the "Customers" and "Orders" tables, and give them the table
aliases of "c" and "o" respectively

• Here we use aliases to make the SQL shorter:

• Orders Table -> OrderID, OrderDate, CustomerID,OrderValue

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 Aliases
• SELECT o.OrderID, o.OrderDate, c.CustomerName
• FROM Customers AS c, Orders AS o
• WHERE c.CustomerName="reliance"
AND
c.CustomerID=o.CustomerID;

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 Aliases
• SQL statement is the same as above, but without aliases:

• SELECT Orders.OrderID, Orders.OrderDate,

Customers.CustomerName
• FROM Customers, Orders
• WHERE Customers.CustomerName="reliance" AND
Customers.CustomerID=Orders.CustomerID

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JOINS Types
• (INNER) JOIN:
• Returns records that have matching values in both tables
• LEFT (OUTER) JOIN:
• Return all records from the left table, and the matched records from
the right table
• RIGHT (OUTER) JOIN:
• Return all records from the right table, and the matched records from
the left table
• FULL (OUTER) JOIN:
• Return all records when there is a match in either left or right table
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 INNER JOIN
• The INNER JOIN keyword selects all rows from both tables as long as
there is a match between the columns.

• SQL statement selects all orders with customer information:-

• SELECT Orders.OrderID, Customers.CustomerName

• FROM Orders INNER JOIN Customers ON Orders.CustomerID =
Customers.CustomerID;

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 LEFT JOIN
• The LEFT JOIN keyword returns all records from the left table (table1), and
the matched
• records from the right table (table2).
• The result is NULL from the right side, if there is no match.

• SELECT column_name(s)
• FROM table1
• LEFT JOIN table2 ON table1.column_name = table2.column_name;

• In some databases LEFT JOIN is called LEFT OUTER JOIN.

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 LEFT JOIN
• SQL statement will select all customers, and any orders they might have:

• SELECT Customers.CustomerName, Orders.OrderID

• FROM Customers
• LEFT JOIN Orders ON Customers.CustomerID = Orders.CustomerID
• ORDER BY Customers.CustomerName;

• The LEFT JOIN keyword returns all records from the left table
(Customers), even if there are no matches in the right table (Orders).
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 RIGHT JOIN
• The RIGHT JOIN keyword returns all records from the right table (table2), and
the matched
• records from the left table (table1).
• The result is NULL from the left side, when there is no match.

• SELECT column_name(s)
• FROM table1
• RIGHT JOIN table2 ON table1.column_name = table2.column_name;

• In some databases RIGHT JOIN is called RIGHT OUTER JOIN.

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 RIGHT JOIN
• SQL statement will return all employees, and any orders they might have have
placed:

• SELECT Orders.OrderID, Employees.LastName, Employees.FirstName

• FROM Orders
• RIGHT JOIN Employees ON Orders.EmployeeID = Employees.EmployeeID
• ORDER BY Orders.OrderID;

• The RIGHT JOIN keyword returns all records from the right table (Employees),
• even if there are no matches in the left table (Orders).
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 FULL OUTER JOIN
• The FULL OUTER JOIN keyword return all records when there is a
match in either left (table1)
• or right (table2) table records.
• Note: FULL OUTER JOIN can potentially return very large result-sets!

• SELECT column_name(s)
• FROM table1
• FULL OUTER JOIN table2 ON table1.column_name =
table2.column_name;
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 FULL OUTER JOIN
• SQL statement selects all customers, and all orders:

• SELECT Customers.CustomerName, Orders.OrderID

• FROM Customers
• FULL OUTER JOIN Orders ON Customers.CustomerID=Orders.CustomerID
• ORDER BY Customers.CustomerName;

• If there are rows in "Customers" that do not have matches in "Orders", or if there
are rows
• in "Orders" that do not have matches in "Customers", those rows will be listed as
well.
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 Self JOIN
• A self JOIN is a regular join, but the table is joined with itself.

• SELECT column_name(s)
• FROM table1 T1, table1 T2
• WHERE condition;

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 Self JOIN
• SQL statement matches customers that are from the same city:

• SELECT A.CustomerName AS CustomerName1,

B.CustomerName AS CustomerName2, A.City FROM Customers
A, Customers B
• WHERE A.CustomerID <> B.CustomerID
• AND A.City = B.City
• ORDER BY A.City;

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 Union
• UNION operator is used to combine the result-set of two or more
SELECT statements.

• Each SELECT statement within UNION must have the same number of
columns

• The columns must also have similar data types

• The columns in each SELECT statement must also be in the same order
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 Union

• SELECT column_name(s) FROM table1

• UNION
• SELECT column_name(s) FROM table2;

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 Union
• UNION ALL Syntax

• The UNION operator selects only distinct values by default.

• To allow duplicate values, use UNION ALL:

• SELECT column_name(s) FROM table1

• UNION ALL
• SELECT column_name(s) FROM table2;
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 Union
• The column names in the result-set are usually equal to the column
names in the first SELECT statement in the UNION.
• SQL statement selects all the different cities (only distinct values) from
"Customers" and "Suppliers":

• 1. SELECT City FROM Customers

• UNION
• SELECT City FROM Suppliers
• ORDER BY City;
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 Union
• If some customers or suppliers have the same city, each city will only be listed once,
• because UNION selects only distinct values.
• Use UNION ALL to also select duplicate values
• The following SQL statement selects all cities (duplicate values also) from
"Customers" and "Suppliers":

• SELECT City FROM Customers

• UNION ALL
• SELECT City FROM Suppliers
• ORDER BY City;

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 Union

• The following SQL statement selects all the different German cities (only
distinct values) from "Customers" and "Suppliers":

• SELECT City, Country FROM Customers

• WHERE Country='Germany'
• UNION
• SELECT City, Country FROM Suppliers
• WHERE Country='Germany'
• ORDER BY City;
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 Union
• The following SQL statement lists all customers and suppliers:

• SELECT 'Customer' As Type, ContactName, City, Country

• FROM Customers
• UNION
• SELECT 'Supplier', ContactName, City, Country
• FROM Suppliers;

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 Group By
• SQL GROUP BY Statement

• The GROUP BY statement is often used with aggregate functions (COUNT,

MAX, MIN, SUM, AVG) to group the result-set by one or more columns.

• SELECT column_name(s)
• FROM table_name
• WHERE condition
• GROUP BY column_name(s)
• ORDER BY column_name(s);
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 Group By
• SQL statement lists the number of customers in each country:

• SELECT COUNT(CustomerID), Country

• FROM Customers
• GROUP BY Country;

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 Group By
• SQL statement lists the number of customers in each country, sorted
high to low:

• SELECT COUNT(CustomerID), Country

• FROM Customers
• GROUP BY Country
• ORDER BY COUNT(CustomerID) DESC;

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 Having
• HAVING clause was added to SQL because the WHERE keyword could
not be used with aggregate functions.

• SELECT column_name(s)
• FROM table_name
• WHERE condition
• GROUP BY column_name(s)
• HAVING condition
• ORDER BY column_name(s);
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 Having
• SQL statement lists the number of customers in each country. Only
include countries with more than 5 customers:

• SELECT COUNT(CustomerID), Country

• FROM Customers
• GROUP BY Country
• HAVING COUNT(CustomerID) > 5;

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 Having
• SQL statement lists the number of customers in each country, sorted
high to low (Only include countries with more than 5 customers):

• SELECT COUNT(CustomerID), Country

• FROM Customers
• GROUP BY Country
• HAVING COUNT(CustomerID) > 5
• ORDER BY COUNT(CustomerID) DESC;

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 Exists

• The EXISTS operator is used to test for the existence of any record in a
subquery.

• The EXISTS operator returns true if the subquery returns one or more records.

• SELECT column_name(s)
• FROM table_name
• WHERE EXISTS
• (SELECT column_name FROM table_name WHERE condition);
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 Exists
• SQL statement returns TRUE and lists the suppliers with a product
price less than 20:

• SELECT SupplierName
• FROM Suppliers
• WHERE EXISTS (SELECT ProductName FROM Products WHERE
SupplierId = Suppliers.supplierId AND Price < 20);

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Exists
• SQL statement returns TRUE and lists the suppliers with a product
price equal to 22:

• SELECT SupplierName
• FROM Suppliers
• WHERE EXISTS (SELECT ProductName FROM Products WHERE
SupplierId = Suppliers.supplierId AND Price = 22);

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 Any All
• The ANY and ALL operators are used with a WHERE or HAVING clause.

• The ANY operator returns true if any of the subquery values meet the
condition.

• The ALL operator returns true if all of the subquery values meet the
condition.

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 Any All
• ANY Syntax

• SELECT column_name(s)
• FROM table_name
• WHERE column_name operator ANY
• (SELECT column_name FROM table_name WHERE condition);

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 Any All

• SELECT column_name(s)
• FROM table_name
• WHERE column_name operator ALL
• (SELECT column_name FROM table_name WHERE condition);

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 Any All
• The operator must be a standard comparison operator (=, <>, !=, >,
>=, <, or <=).

• The ANY operator returns TRUE if any of the subquery values meet
the condition.

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 Any All
• The following SQL statement returns TRUE and lists the productnames
if it finds ANY records
• in the OrderDetails table that quantity = 10:

• SELECT ProductName
• FROM Products
• WHERE ProductID = ANY (SELECT ProductID FROM OrderDetails
WHERE Quantity = 10);

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 Any All
• SQL statement returns TRUE and lists the productnames if it finds ANY
records in the OrderDetails
• table that quantity > 99:

• SELECT ProductName
• FROM Products
• WHERE ProductID = ANY (SELECT ProductID FROM OrderDetails
WHERE Quantity > 99

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 Any All
• The ALL operator returns TRUE if all of the subquery values meet the
condition.

• The following SQL statement returns TRUE and lists the productnames if
ALL the records in the OrderDetails table has quantity = 10.

• SELECT ProductName
• FROM Products
• WHERE ProductID = ALL (SELECT ProductID FROM OrderDetails
WHERE Quantity = 10);
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 Insert
• SQL statement copies "Suppliers" into "Customers" (the columns that
are not filled with data, will contain NULL):

• INSERT INTO Customers (CustomerName, City, Country)

• SELECT SupplierName, City, Country FROM Suppliers;

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 Insert
• SQL statement copies "Suppliers" into "Customers" (fill all columns):

• INSERT INTO Customers (CustomerName, ContactName,

Address, City, PostalCode, Country)
• SELECT SupplierName, ContactName, Address, City, PostalCode,
Country FROM Suppliers;

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 Insert
• SQL statement copies only the German suppliers into "Customers":

• SELECT SupplierName, City, Country FROM Suppliers

• WHERE Country='Germany';

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 Auto-increment

• Auto-increment allows a unique number to be generated

automatically when a new record is inserted into a table.

• Often this is the primary key field that we would like to be created
automatically every time a new record is inserted.

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 Auto-increment
• CREATE TABLE Persons
• (
• ID int NOT NULL
AUTO_INCREMENT,
• LastName varchar(255) NOT NULL,
• FirstName varchar(255),
• Age int,
• PRIMARY KEY (ID)
• );
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 Auto-increment
• MySQL uses the AUTO_INCREMENT keyword to perform an auto-
increment feature.

• By default, the starting value for AUTO_INCREMENT is 1, and it will

increment by 1 for each new record.

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 Auto-increment
• To let the AUTO_INCREMENT sequence start with another value, use the
following SQL statement:
• ALTER TABLE Persons AUTO_INCREMENT=100;

• To insert a new record into the "Persons" table, we will NOT have to
specify a value for the "ID" column (a unique value will be added
automatically):

• INSERT INTO Persons (FirstName,LastName)

• VALUES ('Lars','Monsen');
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 Auto-increment
• The SQL statement above would insert a new record into the
"Persons" table.

• The "ID" column would be assigned a unique value.

• The "FirstName" column would be set to "Lars" and the "LastName"

column would be set to "Monsen".

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 Views
• In SQL, a view is a virtual table based on the result-set of an SQL statement.
• A view contains rows and columns, just like a real table.
• The fields in a view are fields from one or more real tables in the database.
• You can add SQL functions, WHERE, and JOIN statements to a view and present the
data as if the data were coming from one single table.

• CREATE VIEW Syntax

• CREATE VIEW view_name AS
• SELECT column1, column2, ...
• FROM table_name
• WHERE condition;
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 Views
• A view always shows up-to-date data!

• The database engine recreates the data, using the view's SQL
statement, every time a user queries a view.

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 Views
• The view "Current Product List" lists all active products (products that
are not discontinued) from the "Products" table.

• The view is created with the following SQL:

• CREATE VIEW [Current Product List] AS

• SELECT ProductID, ProductName
• FROM Products
• WHERE Discontinued = No;
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 Views

• Then, we can query the view as follows:

SELECT * FROM [Current Product List];

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 Views
• You can update a view by using the following syntax:

• SQL CREATE OR REPLACE VIEW Syntax

• CREATE OR REPLACE VIEW view_name AS

• SELECT column1, column2, ...
• FROM table_name
• WHERE condition;

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 Views
• Now we want to add the "Category" column to the "Current Product
List" view.
• we will update the view with the following SQL:

• CREATE OR REPLACE VIEW [Current Product List] AS

• SELECT ProductID, ProductName, Category
• FROM Products
• WHERE Discontinued = No;

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 Views
• SQL Dropping a View

• You can delete a view with the DROP VIEW command.

• SQL DROP VIEW Syntax

• DROP VIEW view_name;

• DROP VIEW [Current Product List];

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 Index
• The CREATE INDEX statement is used to create indexes in tables.

• Indexes are used to retrieve data from the database very fast.

• The users cannot see the indexes, they are just used to speed up
searches/queries.

• Updating a table with indexes takes more time than updating a table
without (because the indexes also need an update).
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 Index
• So, only create indexes on columns that will be frequently searched
against.

• CREATE INDEX Syntax

• Creates an index on a table. Duplicate values are allowed:

• CREATE INDEX index_name

• ON table_name (column1, column2, ...);
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 Index
• CREATE UNIQUE INDEX Syntax

• Creates a unique index on a table. Duplicate values are not allowed:

• CREATE UNIQUE INDEX index_name

• ON table_name (column1, column2, ...);

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 Index
• The SQL statement below creates an index named "idx_lastname" on
the "LastName" column in the "Persons" table:

• CREATE INDEX idx_lastname

• ON Persons (LastName);

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 Index
• If you want to create an index on a combination of columns, you can
list the column names within the parentheses, separated by commas:

• CREATE INDEX idx_pname

• ON Persons (LastName, FirstName);

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 Index
• DROP INDEX Statement

• The DROP INDEX statement is used to delete an index in a table.

• MySQL:

• ALTER TABLE table_name

• DROP INDEX index_name;

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 Text Data Types
• CHAR(size) :
• Holds a fixed length string (can contain letters, numbers, and special characters).
• The fixed size is specified in parenthesis.
• Can store up to 255 characters

• VARCHAR(size) :
• Holds a variable length string ,can contain letters, numbers, and special characters.
• The maximum size is specified in parenthesis.
• Can store up to 255 characters.
• If you put a greater value than 255 it will be converted to a TEXT type
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 Text Data Types
• TINYTEXT :
• Holds a string with a maximum length of 255 characters
• TEXT :
• Holds a string with a maximum length of 65,535 characters
• BLOB :
• For BLOBs (Binary Large OBjects). Holds up to 65,535 bytes of data
• MEDIUMTEXT :
• Holds a string with a maximum length of 16,777,215 characters

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 Text Data Types
• MEDIUMBLOB :
• For BLOBs (Binary Large Objects).
• Holds up to 16,777,215 bytes of data
• LONGTEXT :
• Holds a string with a maximum length of 4,294,967,295 characters
• LONGBLOB :
• For BLOBs (Binary Large Objects).
• Holds up to 4,294,967,295 bytes of data

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 Text Data Types
• ENUM(x,y,z,etc.)

• Let you enter a list of possible values.

• You can list up to 65535 values in an ENUM list.
• If a value is inserted that is not in the list, a blank value will be
inserted.
• The values are sorted in the order you enter them.
• You enter the possible values in this format: ENUM('X','Y','Z')

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 Text Data Types
• SET :
•
• Similar to ENUM except that SET may contain up to 64 list items and
can store more than one choice

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 Number Types
• TINYINT(size) :
• -128 to 127 normal.
• 0 to 255 UNSIGNED*.
• The maximum number of digits may be specified in parenthesis

• SMALLINT(size) :
• -32768 to 32767 normal.
• 0 to 65535 UNSIGNED*.
• The maximum number of digits may be specified in parenthesis
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 Number Types
• MEDIUMINT(size) :
• -8388608 to 8388607 normal.
• 0 to 16777215 UNSIGNED*.
• The maximum number of digits may be specified in parenthesis
• INT(size) :
• -2147483648 to 2147483647 normal.
• 0 to 4294967295 UNSIGNED*.
• The maximum number of digits may be specified in parenthesis

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 Number Types
• BIGINT(size) :
• -9223372036854775808 to 9223372036854775807 normal.
• 0 to 18446744073709551615 UNSIGNED*.
• The maximum number of digits may be specified in parenthesis

• FLOAT(size,d):
• A small number with a floating decimal point.
• The maximum number of digits may be specified in the size parameter.
• The maximum number of digits to the right of the decimal point is specified
• in the d parameter
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Number Types
• DOUBLE(size,d) :
• A large number with a floating decimal point.
• The maximum number of digits may be specified in the size
parameter.
• The maximum number of digits to the right of the decimal point is
specified in the d parameter

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Number Types
• DECIMAL(size,d) :
• A DOUBLE stored as a string , allowing for a fixed decimal point.
• The maximum number of digits may be specified in the size parameter.
• The maximum number of digits to the right of the decimal point is specified
in the d parameter
• *The integer types have an extra option called UNSIGNED.
• Normally, the integer goes from an negative to positive value.
• Adding the UNSIGNED attribute will move that range up so it starts at zero
• instead of a negative number.

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 Date Types
• DATE() :
• A date. Format: YYYY-MM-DD
• The supported range is from '1000-01-01' to '9999-12-31'
• DATETIME() :
• *A date and time combination. Format: YYYY-MM-DD HH:MI:SS
• The supported range is from '1000-01-01 00:00:00' to '9999-12-31 23:59:59'
• TIMESTAMP() :
• TIMESTAMP values are stored as the number of seconds since the Unix epoch ('1970-01-
01 00:00:00' UTC).
• Format: YYYY-MM-DD HH:MI:SS
• The supported range is from '1970-01-01 00:00:01' UTC to '2038-01-09 03:14:07' UTC
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 Date Types
• TIME() :
• A time. Format: HH:MI:SS
• The supported range is from '-838:59:59' to '838:59:59'
• YEAR() :
• A year in two-digit or four-digit format.
• Values allowed in four-digit format: 1901 to 2155. Values allowed in two-digit format:
• 70 to 69, representing years from 1970 to 2069
• *Even if DATETIME and TIMESTAMP return the same format, they work very differently.
• In an INSERT or UPDATE query, the TIMESTAMP automatically set itself to the current date
and time.
• TIMESTAMP also accepts various formats, like YYYYMMDDHHMISS, YYMMDDHHMISS,
• YYYYMMDD, or YYMMDD.
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 Dates
• MySQL comes with the following data types for storing a date or a
date/time value in the database:

• DATE - format YYYY-MM-DD

• DATETIME - format: YYYY-MM-DD HH:MI:SS
• TIMESTAMP - format: YYYY-MM-DD HH:MI:SS
• YEAR - format YYYY or YY
• SELECT * FROM Orders WHERE OrderDate='2008-11-11‘;

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 String Functions
• 1. ASCII Returns the number code that represents the specific
character

• 2. CHAR_LENGTH Returns the length of the specified string (in characters)

• 3. CHARACTER_LENGTH Returns the length of the specified string (in characters)

• 4. CONCAT Concatenates two or more expressions together

• 5. CONCAT_WS Concatenates two or more expressions together and

adds a separator between them

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 String Functions
• 6. FIELD Returns the position of a value in a list of values

• 7. FIND_IN_SET Returns the position of a string in a string list

• 8. FORMAT Formats a number as a format of "#,###.##", rounding it to

a certain number of decimal places

• 9. INSERT Inserts a substring into a string at a specified position for a

• certain number of characters

• 10. INSTR Returns the position of the first occurrence of a string in

another string
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 String Functions
• 11. LCASE Converts a string to lower-case

• 12. LEFT Extracts a substring from a string (starting from

left)

• 13. LENGTH Returns the length of the specified string (in

bytes)

• 14. LOCATE Returns the position of the first occurrence of a

substring in a string
• 15. LOWER Converts a string to lower-case
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 String Functions
• 18. LPAD Returns a string that is left-padded with a specified
string to certain length

• 17. LTRIMRemoves leading spaces from a string

• 18. MID Extracts a substring from a string (starting at any position)

• 19. POSITION Returns the position of the first occurrence of a substring in a

string

• 20. REPEAT Repeats a string a specified number of times

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 String Functions
• 21. REPLACE Replaces all occurrences of a specified string

• 22. REVERSE Returns a string with the characters in reverse order

• 23. RIGHT Extracts a substring from a string (starting from

right)

• 23. RPAD Returns a string that is right-padded with a

specified string to a certain length
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 String Functions
• 24. RTRIM Removes trailing spaces from a string

• 25. SPACE Returns a string with a specified number of

spaces

• 26. STRCMP Returns an integer value representing the

result of a string comparison

• 27. SUBSTR Extracts a substring from a string

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 String Functions
• SUBSTRING Extracts a substring from a string

• 29. SUBSTRING_INDEX Returns the substring of string before

number of occurrences of delimiter

• 30. TRIM Removes leading and trailing spaces from a string

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 String Functions
• 31. UCASE Converts a string to upper-case

• 32. UPPER Converts a string to upper-case

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 Numerical Functions
• 1. ABS Returns the absolute value of a number

• 2. ACOS Returns the arc cosine of a number

• 3. ASIN Returns the arc sine of a number

• 4. ATAN Returns the arc tangent of a number or returns the arc

tangent of n and m

• 5. ATAN2 Returns the arc tangent of n and m

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 Numerical Functions
• 6. AVG Returns the average value of an expression

• 7. CEIL Returns the smallest integer value that is greater

than or equal to a number

• 8. CEILING Returns the smallest integer value that is greater

than or equal to a number

• 9. COS Returns the cosine of a number

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 Numerical Functions
• 10. COT Returns the cotangent of a number

• 11. COUNT Returns the count of an expression

• 12. DEGREES Converts a radian value into degrees

• 13. DIV Used for integer division where n is divided by m

and an integer value is returned

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 Numerical Functions
• 16. EXP Returns e raised to the power of number

• 15. FLOOR Returns the largest integer value that is equal to or

less than a number

• 16. GREATEST Returns the greatest value in a list of expressions

• 17. LEAST Returns the smallest value in a list of expressions

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 Numerical Functions
• 18. LN Returns the natural logarithm of a number

• 19. LOG Returns the natural logarithm of a number or the

logarithm of a number to a specified base

• 20. LOG10 Returns the base-10 logarithm of a number

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 Numerical Functions
• 21. LOG2 Returns the base-2 logarithm of a number

• 22. MAX Returns the maximum value of an expression

• 23. MIN Returns the minimum value of an expression

• 24. MOD Returns the remainder of n divided by m

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 Numerical Functions
• 25. PI Returns the value of PI displayed with 6 decimal
places

• 26. POW Returns m raised to the nth power

• 27. POWER Returns m raised to the nth power

• 28. RADIANS Converts a value in degrees to radians

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 Numerical Functions
• 29. RAND Returns a random number or a random number
within a range

• 30. ROUND Returns a number rounded to a certain number of

decimal places

• 31. SIGN Returns a value indicating the sign of a number

• 32. SIN Returns the sine of a number

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 Numerical Functions
• 33. SQRT Returns the square root of a number

• 34. SUM Returns the summed value of an expression

• 35. TAN Returns the tangent of a number

• 36. TRUNCATE Returns a number truncated to a certain number

of decimal places

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 Date Functions
• 1. ADDDATE Returns a date after which a certain
time/date interval has been added

• 2. ADDTIME Returns a time/datetime value after which a

certain time interval has been added

• 3. CURDATE Returns the current date

• 4. CURRENT_DATE Returns the current date

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 Date Functions
• 5. CURRENT_TIME Returns the current time

• 6. CURRENT_TIMESTAMP Returns the current date and time

• 7. CURTIME Returns the current time

• 8. DATE Extracts the date value from a date or datetime

expression

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 Date Functions
• 9. DATEDIFF Returns a date after which a certain
time/date interval has been added

• 10. DATE_ADD Formats a date as specified by a format mask

• 11. DATE_FORMAT Returns a date after which a certain time/date

Interval has been subtracted

• 12. DATE_SUB Returns the difference in days between two

date value
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 Date Functions
• 13. DAY Returns the day portion of a date value

• 14. DAYNAME Returns the weekday name for a date

• 15. DAYOFMONTH Returns the day portion of a date value

• 16. DAYOFWEEK Returns the weekday index for a date value

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 Date Functions
• 17. DAYOFYEAR Returns day of the year for a date value

• 18. EXTRACT Extracts parts from a date

• 19. FROM_DAYS Takes a numeric representation of the day

and returns a date value

• 20. HOUR Returns the hour portion of a date value

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 Date Functions
• 21. LAST_DAY Returns the last day of the month for a given date

• 22. LOCALTIME Returns the current date and time

• 23. LOCALTIMESTAMP Returns the current date and time

• 24. MAKEDATE Returns the date for a certain year and day-of-year value

• 25. MAKETIME Returns the time for a certain hour, minute, second
combination
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 Date Functions
• 26. MICROSECOND Returns the microsecond portion of a date
value

• 27. MINUTE Returns the minute portion of a date value

• 28. MONTH Returns the month portion of a date value

• 29. MONTHNAME Returns the full month name for a date

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 Date Functions
• 30. NOW Returns the current date and time

• 31. PERIOD_ADD Takes a period (formatted as YYMM or

YYYYMM) and adds a specified number of months to
it

• 31. PERIOD_DIFF Returns the difference in months between

two periods (formatted as YYMM or YYYYMM)

• 32. QUARTER Returns the quarter portion of a date value

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 Date Functions
• 33. SECOND Converts numeric seconds into a time value

• 34. SEC_TO_TIME Returns the second portion of a date value

• 35. STR_TO_DATE Takes a string and returns a date specified by a format mask

• 36. SUBDATE Returns a date after which a certain time/date interval has
been subtracted

• 37. SUBTIME Returns a time/datetime value after which a certain time

interval has been subtracted
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 Date Functions
• 38. SYSDATE Returns the current date and time

• 39. TIME Extracts the time value from a

time/datetime expression

• 40. TIME_FORMAT Formats a time as specified by a format

mask

• 41. TIME_TO_SEC Converts a time value into numeric second

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 Date Functions
• 42. TIMEDIFF Returns the difference (expressed as a time value)
between two time/datetime values

• 43. TIMESTAMP Converts an expression to a datetime value and if

specified adds an optional time interval to the value

• 44. TO_DAYS Converts a date into numeric days

• 45. WEEK Returns the week portion of a date value

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 Date Functions
• 46. WEEKDAY Returns the weekday index for a date

• 47. WEEKOFYEAR Returns week of the year for a date value

• 48. YEAR Returns the year portion of a date value

• 49. YEARWEEK Returns the year and week for a date value

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Thank You

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