PART 1
DEC30032 – COMPUTER
ARCHITECTURE & ORGANIZATION
CHAPTER 1
COMPUTER SYSTEM
LEARNING OUTCOME
TOPIC 1.0 – COMPUTER SYSTEM
SUBTOPIC 1.1 – Remember overview the timeline of
a digital computer design
1.1.1 Recognize people that influenced or
contributed to the area of computer
1.1.2 Identify history of computer
generations:
a. First Generation
b. Second Generation
c. Third Generation
d. Later Generation
HISTORY OF COMPUTER SYSTEM
Charles Babbage
19th century
Scientist & Mathematician
Build machines that can perform log sequences of
calculations automatically
Machine designed used cardboard cards with hole
punched in them.
Machine Design – Difference engine
Howard Aiken
1937 at Harvard
Proposed to IBM that a machine could be
constructed that would automatically sequence the
operations and calculation performed.
This machine used a combination of
electromechanical devices, including many relays.
Machine was remarkable for its time but was limited
in speed by its used both of relays rather than
electronic devices and of punched cards for
sequencing the operations.
S.P. Eckert and J.W Mauchly
1943 at Moore School of Engineering of the University of
Pennsylvania
Introduce ENIAC – Electronic Numerical Integrator And
Computer.
Used electronic components and therefore was faster, but
which also used switches and a wire plugboard to implement
the programming of operations.
Later they built the EDVAC, which had its program stored in
the computer’s memory and did not depend on external
sequencing.
EDVAC - Electronic Discrete Variable Automatic Computer
Then they have designed the first commercially available
electronic digital computer.
ENIAC
EDVAC
Late 1950s, vacuum-tube electronic computers
were available.
But at this time an important innovation in
electronics appeared-the transistor.
Its was small, inexpensive, reliable, comparatively
low-heat-dissipating transistors led to what are
called second-generation computers.
VACUUM TUBE
By 1965 a third generation of computer was
introduced.
The machine of this period began making heavy
use of integrated circuit.
which many transistor and other components are
fabricated and package together in a single small
container.
Present day computers are less easily distinguished
from preceding generations.
There are some striking and important differences.
However, the manufacture of integrated circuits has
become so advanced as to incorporate millions of
active components in the area of an inch, leading to
the levels called large-scale integration (LSI) and very
large-scale integration (VLSI).
This has lead to small-size, lower-cost, large-memory,
ultrafast computers ranging from the familiar personal
computers (PCs) to the high-performance, high-price
supercomputer.
History of computer system
• Generation 1 (1945 - 1958)
(Vaccume tube computers)
– ENIAC
» Developed for calculating artillery » Decimal number system used
firing tables » Programmed by manually setting
» Designed by Mauchly and switches
Echert of the University of
Pennsylvania – IAS (Institute for Advanced
» Generally regarded as the first Studies) ** Princeton
electronic computer » von Neumann and Goldstine
» BIG! » Took idea of ENIAC and developed
18,000 tubes, 70,000 resistors concept of storing a program in the
memory
10,000 capacitors, 6,000 » This architecture came to be known
switches, 30 x 50 feet as the “von Neumann” architecture
140 kW of power and has been the basis for virtually
every machine designed since then.
History of computer system
• Generation 2 (1958 - 1964) • Generation 4 (1974 - present)
(Transistorized computer) (VLSI computers)
– Technology change – Large scale integration / VLSI
– Transistors – Single board computers
– High level languages
– Floating point arithmetic • Generation 5 (? - ?)
(Development continued...)
• Generation 3 (1964 - 1974)
(Integrated circuit) – VLSI / ULSI
– Computer communications
– Introduction of integrated networks
circuits – Artificial intelligence / voice
– Semiconductor memory recognition
– Microprogramming – Massively parallel machines
– Multiprogramming - Nanotechnology
GENERATION OF COMPUTER ARCHITECTURE
LEARNING OUTCOME
TOPIC 1.0 – COMPUTER SYSTEM
SUBTOPIC 1.1 – Remember overview the timeline of a digital
computer design
1.1.1 Recognize people that influenced or
contributed to the area of computer
1.1.2 Identify history of computer
generations:
a. First Generation
b. Second Generation
c. Third Generation
d. Later Generation
1.1.3 State meanings of computer organization and
computer architecture
DEFINITION OF COMPUTER ARCHITECTURE
& ORGANIZATION
Computer architecture
– Logical aspects of system implementation as seen by
the programmer.
– Basically, it deals with the operational behaviour of
computer systems.
– E.g., instruction sets, instruction formats, data types,
addressing modes.
– How do I design a computer?
Computer organization
– Encompasses all physical aspects of computer
systems.
– E.g., circuit design, control signals, memory types.
– How does a computer work?
LEARNING OUTCOME
TOPIC 1.0 – COMPUTER SYSTEM
SUBTOPIC 1.1 – Remember overview the timeline of a digital computer design
• 1.1.4 Define the approach to assess processor and computer
system performance:
a. Clock speed and instruction per second
b. Benchmarks
c. Amdahl’s Law
d. Little’s Law
•
1.1.5 Define component of Computer architecture and
organization
a. Hardware
b. Software
c. Firmware (Bios system)
•
1.1.6 Identify computer Central Processing Units trending in
market
CLOCK SPEED AND INSTRUCTION PER
SECOND
• CPUs can only carry out one instruction at a time.
• The speed at which the CPU can carry out instructions is
called the clock speed. With every tick of the clock, the CPU
fetches and executes one instruction.
• The clock speed is measured in cycles per second, and one
cycle per second is known as 1 hertz.
– 2 gigahertz (GHz) can carry out two thousand million (or two billion)
cycles per second.
• The higher the clock speed a CPU has, the faster it can process
instructions.
BENCHMARKS
• In computing, a benchmark is the act of running a
computer program, a set of programs, or other
operations, in order to assess the
relative performance of an object, normally by running
a number of standard tests and trials against it.
• Benchmarking gives you a well-defined overview of the
internals on your PC.
• Benchmarking can help you translate your computer’s
performance into numbers.
– Method 1: Using Performance Monitor
– Method 2: Using Prime95
– Method 3: Using SiSoftware Sandra
– Method 4: Using NovaBench
AMDAHL’S LAW
• Named after computer scientist Gene Amdahl (a
computer architect from IBM and Amdahl
corporation), who presented in 1967.
• Amdahl's law can be used to calculate how much a
computation can be sped up by running part of it
in parallel.
• Examples include the use of parallel processors,
the use of a memory cache hierarchy, and
speedup in memory access time and I/O transfer
rate due to technology improvements.
LITTLE’S LAW
• Using queuing theory terminology, Little’s Law
applies to a queuing system.
• The queues in computer system are caused by
major disparities in speed
LEARNING OUTCOME
TOPIC 1.0 – COMPUTER SYSTEM
SUBTOPIC 1.1 – Remember overview the timeline of a digital computer design
• 1.1.4 Define the approach to assess processor and computer
system performance:
a. Clock speed and instruction per second
b. Benchmarks
c. Amdahl’s Law
d. Little’s Law
•
1.1.5 Define component of Computer architecture and
organization
a. Hardware
b. Software
c. Firmware (Bios system)
•
1.1.6 Identify computer Central Processing Units trending in
market
MAIN COMPONENT
1. HARDWARE - The collection of physical elements
that comprise a computer system.
2. SOFTWARE – A part of a computer system that
consists of data or computer instructions. Systems
used software to controlled hardware.
3. FIRMWARE - The program of an embedded system
may be the only program that will run on the
system and provide all of its functions.
LEARNING OUTCOME
TOPIC 1.0 – COMPUTER SYSTEM
SUBTOPIC 1.1 – Remember overview the timeline of a digital computer design
• 1.1.4 Define the approach to assess processor and computer
system performance:
a. Clock speed and instruction per second
b. Benchmarks
c. Amdahl’s Law
d. Little’s Law
•
1.1.5 Define component of Computer architecture and
organization
a. Hardware
b. Software
c. Firmware (Bios system)
•
1.1.6 Identify computer Central Processing Units trending in
market
Student Activity 1:
Get into a group of 2 person. You need to
identify the information about the trending
CPU in market. Submit your finding using link
below.
https://padlet.com/noor_zalina/re2wdaziv2n
w0kjj
We will discuss this topic on next class.
