VERBS :

Classes &
Properties
Learning Objectives:
By the end of this presentation, you will be able to:

• Define a verb and identify different classes of verb;

• Understand verb conjugation;

• Understand verb tenses;

• Appreciate the significance of verb.

WHAT IS A VERB?
 A verb is a word that describes what the subject of a
sentence is doing.
 Verb can indicate (physical or mental) actions,
occurrences and state of being.

Examples:
 Jeffrey builds a house.
 Anita is thinking about horses.
CLASSES OF VERB
REGULAR VERB
A verb is considered regular if its simple past and past
participle are formed by adding the suffix “–d” or “–ed” to
the end of the verb.

Ex.
“Sarah finished her work.”
“Andy walked to the shop.”
IRREGULAR VERB
A verb form their simple past and past participle in some way
other than by adding the suffix “-ed”.

Ex. (Past Simple and Past Participle) of “swim” in a sentence.

“Andre swam in all five of the greatest lakes last summer.”

“I have swum in that pool before.”
TRANSITIVE VERB
A verb that acts on someone or something and therefore takes
a direct object (received the action of the subject’s verb).

Ex.
“Kelly asks a question.”
“Toby buys a groceries.”
DISTRANSITIVE VERB
A ditransitive verb is a type of transitive verb that takes two
objects: a direct object and an indirect object. The indirect
object indicates the person or thing that receives the direct
object.

Ex.
“Amira read me a book.”
“She give her friend a present.”
INTRANSITIVE VERB

Do not act on someone or something therefore do not takes a

direct object.

Ex.
“Rita coughed.”
“The book fell.”
DYNAMIC VERB
Also called as action verbs that describe specific,
temporary actions ore events (e.g., “eat”, “sleep”,
“write” ).

Ex.
“Amy kicks the ball.”
“Lydia is running to school.”
STATIVE VERB
Stative verbs describe a state or condition that is stable or
unlikely to change (e.g., “ know,” “feel,” “believe”).

Ex.
“Karl believes in himself.”
Auxiliary Verb
Also called Helping Verb, that include verbs such as “be”,
“do”, and “have”. They are used along with a main verb to
modify its meaning and express tense, mood, or voice.
They’re also used to form negative statements when used
with words such as “not” and “never”.

Ex,
“I am waiting.”
“Alicia has not spoken to me for a week.”
PHRASAL VERB
A phrase made up of two or more words that act as an
individual verb. Typically, combine a verb with an adverb
or preposition to create a meaning independent of the
original words.

Ex.
“I’m going to move out next month.”
PROPERTIES OF VERB
 INFINITIVE
 Formed by taking the word “to” and adding it to
the base form of a verb:
 An infinitive consists of the words “to + verb”.
 Take many different grammatical forms:
nouns, adjectives, adverbs,

FOR EXAMPLE: Sana loves to sing.

To + sing → Infinitive
INFINITIVE AS A NOUN.

This is the case when an infinitive is used as the direct

object or the subject of a sentence.

• Examples: 1) I love to eat.

2) To help others is important.
INFINITIVE AS ADJECTIVES

• Infinitives function as adjectives when they modify or

describe nouns in a sentence. (give us more information
about nouns)

Example: Yuka wants a pizza to eat.

INFINITIVE AS ADVERBS

• Infinitives function as adverbs when they are used to give more

information about adjectives, verbs, or other adverbs in a
sentence.

• Example: She raised her hand to ask a question.

 NUMBERS
• Numbers are symbols or words that represent
quantities or values things .
• Numbers are used for counting, measuring, and
comparing things.

Two kinds of Numbers

●CARDINAL
●ORDINAL
ORDINAL NUMBERS
– An ordinal number is a number that indicates the
position or order of something in relation to other
numbers, like, first, second, third, and so on.

Example:
 Ram came first in class.

 Kate was the third girl standing in a row.

 Yohan stays on the fourth floor of the apartment.

CARDINAL NUMBERS
-A cardinal number describes or represents how many of
something are present. Example 2 apples, 5 flowers, etc.
Cardinal numbers are counting numbers, they help to
count the number of items.

Example:
 They ordered 5 sandwiches.
 My brother turns 9 this year.
 I have 5 kinds of pen.
 PERSON

-The concept of person refers to the

relationship between a subject and its verbs.
The First, Second , and the Third Person.
FIRST PERSON
- Use to describe the writer or speaker, and includes
like “I” “me”, my, and mine. Also includes “we”, “us”,
“mine”, “ours”, “myself”, and “ourselves”.
Ex: I love my dog.
I was born in Maasin City.
My name is mark.
That pen is mine.
We invented it ourselves.
I made it myself.
SECOND PERSON
- Used to describe the person being addressed and
includes pronouns like “ you” and “your” , “ yours”
yourself and yourselves

Ex: You are my best friend.

That pen is yours.
You looked beautiful.
Save money for yourself.
THIRD PERSON
- used to describe all others subjects, objects, and
ideas being discussed, and includes pronouns like “
he” , “she” , “it”, “they”, him, hers, his, and theirs.

Ex: He kicked the ball.

She ate her food.
They want new phone.
I like him.
I love his style.
That house is theirs.
 MOODS
--Refers to the grammatical category of a verb
that expresses the speaker's attitude or
perspective towards the action or state
described by the verb.

--It indicates whether the verb describes a

fact, a command, a wish, a possibility, or a
hypothetical situation.
INDICATIVE MOOD

This is the most common mood and is used to state facts

or opinions.

Examples;
- "The sun is shining." (fact)
- "She went to the store." (past action)
- "He believes in justice." (opinion)
IMPERATIVE MOOD

This mood is used to give commands, orders, or

requests.

Examples;
- "Close the door!" (Command)
- "Please be quiet." (Request)
- "Go now!" (Order)
SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD

This mood expresses wishes, suggestions, demands, or

hypothetical situations.

Examples;
- "Close the door!" (Command)
- "Please be quiet." (Request)
- "Go now!" (Order)
CONDITIONAL MOOD

This mood expresses wishes, suggestions, demands, or

hypothetical situations.

Examples;
- "I suggest that he go home." (Suggestion)
- "It is important that she be on time."
(Demand/Importance)
- "If I were a bird, I would fly away."
(Hypothetical situation )
  VOICE
Voice is a term that is used to denote the form of the verb
which shows if the subject in a given sentence is the doer or
receiver of the action. The voice of a verb describes the
relationship between the action and the participants (subject
or object) in a sentence.

The Two Voices in the English Language:

• Active Voice
• Passive Voice
Active Voice
 The active voice, in a sentence, denotes that the noun
or pronoun that acts as the subject in the sentence is
the doer of the action. In other words, the subject
performs the action or acts upon the verb.

Ex.

John flew the kite.

Passive Voice
 Represents that the subject is one acted upon by the
action or verb in the sentence. It can also be said that
the passive voice indicates that the subject in the
sentence is no longer active but passive.

Ex.
The kite was flown by John.
  TENSE
Verb tenses show when an action took place, as well
as how long it occurred. The main verb tenses are the
past, present, and future.

There are also additional aspects that give extra

details, such as the length of time the action
occurred, which actions happened first, or whether a
past action has an impact on the present. These
grammatical aspects are the simple tense, perfect
tense, continuous tense, and perfect continuous tense.
 Past Present Future

I helped my neighbor I will help my neighbor

Simple I help my neighbor every day.
yesterday. tomorrow.

I had helped my neighbor I will have helped my neighbor

I have helped my neighbor too
Perfect clean his attic before I fixed his a hundred times by the end of
much this week.
car. the month.

I was helping my neighbor I am helping my neighbor I will be helping my neighbor

Continuous
when he brought me iced tea. while he fixes up his house. next month when he moves.

I had been helping my I will have been helping my

I have been helping my
Perfect continuous neighbor for a year before he neighbor for a year next
neighbor since I moved in.
finally thanked me. month.
PRINCIPAL PARTS OF
VERB
Principal Parts

The principal parts of the verb are use to denote the

time of the action. The four principal parts are the
present tense (base form), the past tense, the past
participle, and the present principle.
1. Base Form (Infinitive without "to"): This is the
simplest form of the verb, the one you'd find in a
dictionary (excluding the "to").

- Examples: walk, run, eat, sing, be, have, go

2. Past Tense (Past Simple): This form shows the
action completed in the past.

Example:
Sam cooked a tasty dinner yesterday.
3. Past Participle: This form is used with auxiliary
verbs ("have," "has," "had," "be," "being," "been,"
"am," "is," "are," "was," "were") to create perfect tenses
and passive voice. Regular verbs have the same form
as the past simple. Irregular verbs often have a unique
past participle form.

Ex.
The ball has been thrown.
4. Present participle: Is a verb form in which you
add “–ing” to the infinitive. Present participles are
used in the progressive (continuous) tenses, but can
also function as adjectives.

Examples:
• My baby brother was crying all morning.
• The crying baby woke up the whole house.
Why are Principal Parts Important?

Understanding the principal parts is crucial because:

- It helps in conjugating verbs accurately, ensuring grammatically correct

sentences.
- It enables you to identify verb tenses and understand the time frame of
actions in a sentence.
- It clarifies the use of auxiliary verbs in forming compound tenses and passive
voice.
- It facilitates the correct use of verbals (participles, gerunds, infinitives) in
various sentence structures.
- It streamlines the process of learning new verbs, as mastering the three
principal parts provides a solid foundation for understanding and using the
verb in different contexts.
MODAL VERB
What are MODALS?

--Modal verbs are helping verbs that add

extra meaning to main verbs.
--They always come before the main verb.
--They do not change form for different
persons (I, you, he, she, it, we, they).
--They are followed by the base form of
the main verb (e.g., "can go," "should eat").
ABILITY

Expressing ability or possibility.

--“can”, “could”

- Examples:
- "I can speak English."
- "She could play the piano when she was young."
PERMISSION
--"can, may, could," Asking for or granting
permission.

- Examples:
- "Can I use your phone?"
- "You may leave early today."
- "Could I borrow your book?"
OBLIGATION

--"must, should, ought to, Shows a duty or

necessity.

- Example:
- "We ought to help those less fortunate than
ourselves.
PROBABILITY

--"may, might, could, should, Expresses the

likelihood of something happening.

- Example:
- "The economy is expected to grow next year."
POSSIBILITY

--"can, could, may, might, Suggests something is

possible or might happen.

- Example:
- "We could go to the beach this weekend,
depending on the weather forecast."
NECESSITY

--"have to" and "need to", refers to a strong need or

requirement to do something.

- Example:
-"You need to see a doctor about that cough."
- "We have to leave now if we want to catch the
train."
LINKING VERB
Subject Subject complement

Jennie is happy.

Linking verb
Types of linking verbs:

• To be ( am, is, are, was, were, been, being)

• Sensory verbs : look, sound, feel, smell, taste, appear,
seem
• State of being verbs: become, remain, stay, grow, turn
• Other verbs : prove, act, go, get, keep, fall
How to identify linking verb?

• A verb is a linking verb if it’s used to describe

or identify the subject.
• Linking verbs always have a subject
complement afterward.
• Replace the verb with “is”, “are” or “was”.
• He became a popular musician.

• The teacher looked at the students.

• He grew tired.
There are two types of subject complements, or two
types of predicates, for linking verbs:

1. Predicate nominative (predicate noun): when the

words describing the subject are nouns or noun
phrases.

2. Predicate adjective: when the words describing the

subject are adjectives or adjective phrases.
ACTIVITY:
• GIVE 5 EXAMPLES OF CARDINAL NUMBERS
• GIVE 5 EXAMPLES OF ORDINAL NUMBERS
DIRECTION: Analyze the following ten sentences and identify what types
modal verb apply.
1. I can speak three languages fluently.
2. You may borrow my book, but please return it by Friday.
3. We must complete this project by the deadline.
4. It will probably rain later today.
5. She might visit us next week; she hasn't confirmed yet.
6. He needs to see a doctor about that cough.
7. You shall not pass!
8. They could have gone to the movies.
9. You can leave early if you finish your work.
10. The sun is likely to shine tomorrow.
Instructions: Identify the linking verb in each sentence and
determine whether the complement is a predicate nominative
(PN) or a predicate adjective (PA).

1. The painting is a beautiful landscape.

2. The athlete remained focused during the competition.
3. The old house seemed abandoned.
4. The book is a captivating mystery.
5. The winner of the competition was a talented young musician.
THANK YOU