What is Nursing?

 Nursing is a profession within the health care sector focused on the care
of individuals, families, and communities so they may attain, maintain,
or recover optimal health and quality of life.
 Nurses may be differentiated from other health care providers by
their approach to patient care, training, and scope of practice.
Types of Nurses:

Advanced Registered Nurse Practitioner (ARNP)

Nurse Practitioner(NP)

Registered Nurse (RN)

Licensed Practical Nurse (LPN)

Certified Nursing Assistant (CNA)

Licensed Nursing assistants(LNA)

Advanced Registered Nurse
Practitioner (ARNP)
 Typical APRN duties vary widely depending on the nurse’s specialization.
Nurse-midwives, for example, focus on women’s healthcare, while nurse
anesthetists work primarily in surgical settings.
 Further specialization within in the APRN category includes nurse
practitioners, as well as certified nurse-midwives, certified registered
nurse anesthetists, and clinical nurse specialists.
 Education: APRNs must have at least a master’s degree to sit for one of
the APRN specialization exams.
 Basic Certification: BLS or BCLS ,ACLS.
Nurse Practitioner(NP)

 Nurse practitioners are APRNs(NP is a type of APRN) who are

independent, organized, and want to work closely with patients, often
seeing the same families over the span of many years.
 Nurse practitioners may also choose to specialize further to work with a
specific population such as women, neonates, or adults throughout their
lifespans.
 Some NPs must have collaborative agreements with physicians (e.g.,
MD, DO, ND) in order to practice in some states.
 Education: Currently a master of science in nursing (MSN) is required at
minimum. A doctor of nursing practice (DNP) may be required in the
future.
 Basic Certification: BLS or BCLS ,ACLS.
Registered Nurse (RN)

 RNs are qualified to make nursing diagnoses, and to supervise the work of
CNAs and LPNs.
 They should complete at least an associate degree in nursing or a hospital-
based diploma program.
 Most Popular Specialized Nursing Fields: Certified Registered Nurse
Anesthetist, Nurse Researcher, Psychiatric Nurse, ICU RN, ER RN, Orthopedic
Nurse, Neonatal Nurses, Nurse Case Manager, Home Care RN, Operating
Room Nurse, Staff Nurse, Labor and Delivery RN, Medical/Surgical RN, Nurse
Supervisor, Oncology nurses, Critical care nurses , Post-anesthesia care unit
(PACU), Dialysis RNs.
 Education: Associate of Science (A.S.) in Nursing or Bachelor of Science
(B.S.) in Nursing.
 Basic Certification: BLS or BCLS ,ACLS.
Licensed Practical Nurse (LPN)

 A Licensed Practical Nurse (LPN) is generally also qualified to administer

injections, perform therapeutic massage, prepare patients for surgical
procedures, maintain patient medical records, change bandages and
dressings, and sometimes manage intravenous drips.
 LPNs are also responsible for communicating a patient's needs to
medical staff.
 Education: one-year vocational course.
 Basic Certification: BLS or BCLS ,ACLS.
Certified Nursing Assistant (CNA)

 Certified Nursing Assistants are trained to perform a limited range of

procedures in support of Registered Nurses, under whose supervision
they are generally required to work. These include taking vital signs,
dispensing prescribed medications, bathing patients, and moving
patients in wheelchairs.
 Education: 75-hour vocational course.
 Basic Certification: BLS or BCLS.
Licensed Nursing assistants(LNA)

 Licensed Nursing Assistant (LNA) Licensed nursing assistants, often known as

LNAs, care for patients in hospitals, nursing homes, and other healthcare
facilities.
 They work under the guidance of registered nurses and other medical
workers.
 Helping patients perform basic tasks like feeding, dressing, and maintaining
good hygiene
 Monitoring patients' vital signs, including blood pressure and temperature
 Changing bed sheets and cleaning patient rooms.
 Education: Individuals will complete a state-approved LNA Education Program
and take a competency evaluation exam.
 Basic Certification: BLS or BCLS.
 Types of Registered Nurses:
 Nurse Case Manager
 Intensive Care Unit Registered Nurse(ICU)
 Home Care Registered Nurse
 Operating Room Nurse
 Staff Nurse
 Emergency Room Registered Nurse
 Labor and Delivery Registered Nurse
 Medical/Surgical Registered Nurse
 Nurse Supervisor
 Oncology Registered Nurse
 Critical Care Registered Nurse
 Neonatal Intensive Care Registered Nurse(NICU) and Pediatric intensive care unit (PICU)
 Dialysis Registered Nurse
 Post-anesthesia Care Unit Registered Nurse(PACU)
Nurse Case Manager

 Nurse case managers coordinate long-term care for patients in hopes of

keeping them healthy and out of the hospital. They can choose to
specialize in treating people with diseases like cancer or working with a
specific age group, such as geriatrics. Consider becoming a nurse case
manager if you enjoy researching, coordination, and scheduling.
Intensive Care Unit Registered
Nurse(ICU RN)
 These RNs work in the intensive care unit (ICU) of hospitals, providing
complex care to those with very serious illnesses or injuries. ICU nurses
may work in specialty hospitals or with patients in a certain age bracket,
such as children in the pediatric ICU.
Home Care Registered Nurse

 A home care RN works with patients in the patient's home. Often times,
these patients will be in geriatric care or young people with
developmental or mobility issues.
 Operating Room Nurse(OR RN)

 Operating room nurses, also referred to as perioperative nurses, care for

patients before, during and after surgery.
 They work alongside surgical teams and act as a liaison between them
and the patient’s family.
 Perioperative nurses also equip patients and their families for
postoperative care.
Staff Nurse

 Staff nurses work in a variety of settings including rehab centers, critical

care, psychiatric, and outpatient facilities.
 They provide direct patient care, administer meds, perform IV therapy,
and more.
 Staff nurses often have the opportunity to advance and supervise other
medical staff, like RNs or LPNs.
Emergency Room Registered
Nurse(ER RN)
 An emergency room RN will treat patients experiencing trauma or injury
in a hospital ER.
 They will encounter a variety of conditions and have to stabilize patients
dealing with traumatic events and injuries.
Labor and Delivery Registered
Nurse
 Labor and delivery RNs help welcome new lives into the world every day.
 They care for both mother and baby during labor, childbirth, and even
after birth.
 A labor and delivery nurse may aid in inducing labor, administering
epidurals, timing contractions, and educating the mother with
breastfeeding advice when the baby is born.
Medical/Surgical Registered
Nurse
 These RNs provide direct care to adult patients in a variety of settings.
Originally, this was considered an entry-level position for nurses to gain
experience before specializing.
Oncology Registered Nurse

 Oncology nurses provide care for cancer patients and those at risk of the
disease.
 They monitor the patient's physical condition and administer
chemotherapy and other treatments.
Critical Care Registered Nurse

 Critical care nurses ensure their critically ill patients get optimal care for
their illnesses and injuries.
 They have in-depth knowledge of the human body and the latest
technology in the field, as well as a keen sense of their patients’ needs.
 Critical care nurses often work in hospitals but may also work in
outpatient facilities, nursing homes or military units.
Neonatal Intensive Care Registered
Nurse(NICU) and Pediatric intensive care unit
(PICU)
 Neonatal intensive care RNs care for premature and critically ill
newborns in the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) of a hospital.
 They care for infants needing immediate medical attention, connecting
them to life-giving technology and comforting them when they are in
distress
 Pediatric intensive care unit (PICU) jobs involve the care of children
and adolescents, usually up to the age of 18, with life-threatening or
high-acuity conditions.
 PICU nursing jobs also typically require collaboration with families,
physicians and other healthcare professionals or clinicians to determine
the best course of patient care and recovery.
Dialysis Registered Nurse

 Dialysis RNs, commonly referred to as nephrology nurses, administer

dialysis treatments to patients with kidney disease or abnormal kidney
functions.
 They work out of patient homes, dialysis clinics, and even transplant
units, performing dialysis treatments on their patients while helping
implement treatment plans.
Post-anesthesia Care Unit
Registered Nurse(PACU)
 Post-anesthesia care unit (PACU) work with patients as they regain
consciousness from anesthesia after surgery.
 Also known as perianesthesia nurses, they are prepared to handle
patients who react adversely, wake up in pain or confusion, or
experience other problems.
 PACU nurses are a comforting presence to those coming out of
anesthesia and offer them tips for their recovery.
Nurse Supervisor

 Nurse supervisors, also known as nurse managers, oversee the nurses

caring for patients.
 As a nurse manager, you will wear many hats and handle a lot of
administrative duties.
 Nurse supervisors are often responsible for recruitment and retention of
nurses as well as occasionally collaborating with doctors on patient care
and assisting families in need.
Diagnostic imaging

 Diagnostic imaging describes a variety of non-invasive methods of

looking inside the body to help determine the causes of an injury or an
illness, and to confirm a diagnosis.
 It is also used to see how well your body is responding to a treatment for
an illness or a fracture.
Types of Diagnostic Imaging:-

 X-rays
 CT scan (computed tomography scan)
 Nuclear medicine imaging, including positron-emission tomography
(PET)
 MRI (magnetic resonance imaging)
 Ultrasound
 Mammography
 Fluoroscopy
X-ray

 Uses X-rays to show images of bones, some tumors and other dense
matter
 Advantages: Quick, non-invasive and painless, can help diagnose
various diseases and injuries, including broken bones, some cancers and
infections.
 Disadvantages: Very small increased risk of cancer in future from
exposure to ionizing radiation (X-rays). Risk is greater for children.
Computed tomography (CT
scans)
 CT Uses multiple X-rays to produce cross-sectional layers that show
detailed images inside the body, including bones, organs, tissues, and
tumors.
 It is often used to quickly examine people who could have internal
injuries from some kind of trauma. It provides a more complete picture
than regular x-rays.
 CT scans are often used to measure:
 Blood flow
 Oxygen use
 How your body uses sugar
Nuclear medicine imaging
including positron-emission
tomography (PET)
 Involves injecting, inhaling or swallowing a radioactive 'tracer'. The
gamma-rays emitted by this material are used by the scanner to show
images of bones and organs
Magnetic Resonance Imaging
(MRI)
 Uses magnetic fields and radio waves to show detailed images of
organs, soft tissues, bones, ligaments and cartilage.
Ultrasound

 Uses high-frequency sound waves to produce moving images onto a

screen of the inside of the body, including organs, soft tissues, bones,
and an unborn baby.
 These include pediatric, vascular, and testicular cases.
 Unlike an x-ray, ultrasounds do not use radiation to produce an image.
Instead, they use sound waves that reflect off tissue in your body to
create an image.
Mammography

 A Mammogram takes images of thin “slices” of the breast from different

angles. Then it uses computer software to reconstruct an image to
analyze for abnormalities. The process is similar to the way a CT scanner
produces images of structures within the body.
Fluoroscopy

 Fluoroscopy is a type of medical imaging that shows a continuous X-ray

image on a monitor, much like an X-ray movie. During a fluoroscopy
procedure, an X-ray beam is passed through the body.
 The image is transmitted to a monitor so the movement of a body part
or of an instrument or contrast agent (“X-ray dye”) through the body.
 Fluoroscopy, including upper GI and barium enema.
Medical Assistant

 A Medical Assistant, also known as a healthcare assistant is an allied

health professional that supports the work of physicians and other health
professionals, usually in a clinic setting.
 Types of Medical Assistant:
 Certified Medical Assistant(CMA)
 Registered Medical assistant(RMA)

“Differences Between the RMA and CMA Credentials. The Registered Medical
Assistant credential, or RMA, is offered through the American Medical
Technologists (AMT).The Certified Medical Assistant certification, or CMA, is
offered through the American Association of Medical Assistants (AAMA).”
Anesthesia Technician/Technologist
 Anesthesia tech/technologist main job is preparing and maintaining anesthesia supplies
and equipment. Generally, anesthesia technicians support members of the anesthesia
care team.
 In addition, they perform other duties such as monitoring patients who are under
anesthesia and transporting patients to surgery.
 Technician and technologist are two different terms.
 Anesthesia technicians are mainly employed by anesthesia departments or operating
theatre suites, but can be found in other areas of clinical practice including emergency
departments, intensive care units (ICU) and day surgery clinics.
 Certified Anesthesia Technician, Cer.A.T. – No longer offering certification exam.
 Certified Anesthesia Technologist, Cer.A.T.T. - Completing an ASATT accredited /
approved program, followed by successfully passing the Technologist exam. Certified
Anesthesia Technicians in good standing have the opportunity to sit for the Technologist
certification exam by completing the Advancement Program.
Pharmacist / Pharmacy tech
Pharmacy Technician:
 Pharmacy technicians work closely with pharmacists.
 The pharmacy technician may accept a prescription from the patient. However,
the pharmacists must review and approve it before it is filled.
 Once the pharmacist approves a prescription, the pharmacy technician will
locate and dispense the prescribed drug.
 When the medication is packed and labeled, the pharmacist must review it for
accuracy before it is sold to the patient.
 In many states a pharmacy technician is not required to have any formal
training beyond high school.
 Other states require pharmacy technicians become certified prior to working in
a pharmacy. There is no standardized national education requirement. Pharmacy
technicians have to pass a standardized test called the PTCE. This test is
administered by the Pharmacy Technician Certification Board (PTCB).
Pharmacist:
 The pharmacist is responsible for everything that happens in the pharmacy.
 They are required to double-check each prescription before it is sold to the patient.
 They must ensure that each prescription that is sold in their pharmacy is legal and
valid. The pharmacist must make sure that all regulations are strictly adhered to.
This mean keeping accurate records and paying close attention to detail.
 Pharmacists, are required to hold a doctorate degree in pharmacology. A PharmD
degree, or doctor of pharmacy, is a six-year degree. Earning a PharmD degree
consists of four years of college education followed by at least two additional
years of pre-pharmacy education.
 They must then complete a one year internship under a licensed pharmacist.
 The final step for the perspective pharmacist is becoming licensed to practice
pharmacy. The pharmacist must pass the NAPLEX (North American Pharmacist
Licensure Examination) test and register with the State Board of Pharmacy.
Registered Respiratory Therapist
(RRT)
What Respiratory Therapists Do??
 Respiratory therapists care for patients who have trouble breathing—for example, from a
chronic respiratory disease, such as asthma or emphysema. Their patients range from
premature infants with undeveloped lungs to elderly patients who have diseased lungs.
They also provide emergency care to patients suffering from heart attacks, drowning, or
shock.
How to Become a Respiratory Therapist?
 Respiratory therapists typically need an associate’s degree, but some have bachelor’s
degrees. Respiratory therapists are licensed in all states except Alaska; requirements
vary by state.
 In the United States, the certificate for the RRT is issued by the National Board for
Respiratory Care after passing the NBRC-WRE and NBRC-CSE examinations. Eligibility
for the NBRC RRT examinations are both previously passing the entry-level examination
for the certification of Certified Respiratory Therapist, the NBRC-ELE, and holding at
least an Associate of Science in Respiratory Care.
Medical Laboratory Technologists and
Medical Laboratory Technicians
What Medical and Clinical Laboratory Technologists and
Technicians Do?
 Medical laboratory technologists (commonly known as medical
laboratory scientists) and medical laboratory technicians collect samples
and perform tests to analyze body fluids, tissue, and other substances.
How to Become a Medical and Clinical Laboratory Technologist or
Technician?
 Medical laboratory technologists typically need a bachelor’s degree.
Technicians usually need an associate’s degree or a postsecondary
certificate. Some states require technologists and technicians to be
licensed.
Medical Laboratory Technologists and
Medical Laboratory Technicians
Medical laboratory technicians assist physicians in the diagnosis and
treatment of diseases by performing tests on tissue, blood and other body fluids.
Medical lab technicians most commonly work in hospitals or doctors' offices.
 Some of the areas in which medical lab technicians may specialize include:
 Microbiology
 Hematology
 Blood banking
 Immunology
 Clinical chemistry
 Molecular biology
 Cytotechnology
Clinical Lab Scientist(CLS)

 Clinical lab scientists work in laboratories as part of a larger team of

medical caregivers to discover, identify, and treat conditions and
illnesses in patients.
 Clinical lab scientists work in private and government laboratories,
hospitals, and clinics.
 Their duties usually are partially administrative, since they're
responsible for managing lower-level personnel and lab services, and
partially practical, since they are also charged with conducting chemical,
biological, microscopic, and other tests.
 Education: Need at least a bachelor's degree in a field like medical
technology or clinical laboratory sciences. Common coursework in a 4-
year, bachelor's program that would prepare you to work in clinical lab
science.
 Physical Therapist (PT) VS
Physical Therapist Assistant(PTA)
Physical Therapist (PT) Physical Therapist
Assistant(PTA)
Job Duties:
Diagnose and provide care to Determine the severity of the
individuals suffering from injuries, patient’s injuries and report it to a
set up a rehabilitation plan for physical therapist, educate patients
patients, teach exercises, stretches, on what to do after treatments,
and hands-on therapy to help assist patients in exercises and
increase the patient’s ability to stretches, instruct patients on how
move to use devices and equipment.
Education
Postgraduate professional degrees Most states require an associate’s
are required. Many receive a Doctor degree from an accredited physical
of Physical Therapy (DPT), which therapy program. Programs usually
typically requires 3 years of involve academic coursework along
schooling after a bachelor’s degree. with clinical experience
DPT degrees usually require
Physical Therapist (PT) VS Physical Therapist
Assistant(PTA)

Licensing / certification
Every state requires a physical To obtain a physical therapist
therapist license. To earn a license, assistant license most states require
the National Physical Therapy that you graduate from an
Examination or a state-administered accredited physical therapy
exam must be passed. Many states assistant program and have passed
also require continuing education in the Physical National Physical
order to maintain licensure. Some Therapy Exam. Some states
physical therapists choose to additionally require a state-
become certified in a particular administered exam.
clinical specialty and do so by
passing an exam.
Occupational Therapist(OT)

 Occupational therapy is the only profession that helps people across the
lifespan to do the things they want and need to do through the
therapeutic use of daily activities (occupations). Occupational therapy
practitioners enable people of all ages to live life to its fullest by helping
them promote health, and prevent—or live better with—injury, illness, or
disability.
Occupational Therapist VS Physical Therapist:-
“The main difference between occupational therapy and physical therapy is
that OT focuses on improving a client’s ability to perform activities of
daily living (ADL) and PT focuses on improving a client’s ability to
perform movement of the human body.”
Medical Assistant
 Medical assistants work alongside physicians, mainly in outpatient or ambulatory care
facilities, such as medical offices and clinics.
 Medical assistants are cross-trained to perform administrative and clinical duties.
 Clinical Duties include:
 Taking medical histories
 Explaining treatment procedures to patients
 Preparing patients for examination
 Assisting the physician during exams
 Collecting and preparing laboratory specimens
 Performing basic laboratory tests
 Instructing patients about medication and special diets
 Administrative Duties include:
 Using computer applications
 Answering telephones
 Greeting patients
 Updating and filing patient medical records
 Coding and filling out insurance forms
 Scheduling appointments
Certified Medical assistant (CMA) /
Registered Medical Assistant (RMA)
 Differences Between the RMA and CMA Credentials. The Registered
Medical Assistant credential, or RMA, is offered through the American
Medical Technologists (AMT).The Certified Medical Assistant certification,
or CMA, is offered through the American Association of Medical
Assistants (AAMA).
Sleep
Technologist/Polysomnography Technologist

 A polysomnographic technologist or Sleep Tech (formerly called a

polysomnographic technician) performs overnight, daytime, or home
sleep studies, polysomnograms, on people with suspected sleep
disorders.
 Board of Registered Polysomnographic Technologists:
 Registered Polysomnographic Technologist:-
Registered Polysomnographic Technologist (RPSGT) is a certification
awarded by the Board of Registered Polysomnographic Technologists in
the US.
 Certified Polysomnographic Technician:-
In the US, certification is awarded by the Board of Registered
Polysomnographic Technologists (BRPT). The CPSGT is considered a
transitional certification. It is valid for only three years
Surgical Technologist/Scrub
Technologist
 A surgical technologist, also called a scrub, scrub tech, surgical
technician, or operating room technician, is an allied health professional
working as a part of the team delivering surgical care.
How to Become a Certified Surgical Tech(CST)?
 Earn your high school diploma or GED
It’s a good idea to pick a program that is accredited by the Commission on
Accreditation of Allied Health Education Programs (CCAHEP).
 Find the right surgical tech program
 Earn certification:
There are different certificates you can earn, but the Bureau of Labor Statistics
(BLS) recommends two: certification through the National Board of Surgical
Technology and Surgical Assisting(NBSTSA) and through the National
Center for Competency Testing. It’s also a good idea to become CPR
certified.
Doctors /Physician
Physician/Doctors
What Physicians and Surgeons Do?
 Physicians examine patients; take medical histories; prescribe
medications; and order, perform, and interpret diagnostic tests. They
counsel patients on diet, hygiene, and preventive healthcare. Surgeons
operate on patients to treat injuries, such as broken bones; diseases,
such as cancerous tumors; and deformities, such as cleft palates.
How to Become a Physician or Surgeon?
 Physicians and surgeons have demanding education and training
requirements. Physicians typically need a bachelor’s degree, a degree
from a medical school, which takes 4 years to complete, and, depending
on their specialty, 3 to 7 years in internship and residency programs
Difference Between Doctors and
Physician Assistant?
 Physician assistants may assist doctors in surgical procedures but they
themselves are not licensed to perform surgery.
 Other than that, the major difference in job functions between a doctor
and a physician assistant is that a doctor works autonomously whereas
a PA always works under the supervision of the doctor.
Different Types of Doctors
 Allergists/Immunologists
They treat immune system disorders such as asthma, eczema, food
allergies, insect sting allergies, and some autoimmune diseases.
 Anesthesiologists
These doctors give you drugs to numb your pain or to put you under during
surgery, childbirth, or other procedures. They monitor your vital signs while
you’re under anesthesia.
 Cardiologists
They’re experts on the heart and blood vessels. You might see them for
heart failure, a heart attack, high blood pressure, or an irregular heartbeat.
 Colon and Rectal Surgeons
You would see these doctors for problems with your small intestine, colon,
and bottom. They can treat colon cancer, hemorrhoids, and inflammatory
bowel disease.
Cont.
 Critical Care Medicine Specialists
They care for people who are critically ill or injured. You might see them if your
heart or other organs are failing or if you’ve been in an accident.
 Dermatologists
Dermatology is the branch of medicine dealing with the skin, nails, hair and its
diseases. It is a specialty with both medical and surgical aspects. A
dermatologist is a doctor that treats diseases, in the widest sense, and some
cosmetic problems of the skin, scalp, hair, and nails.
 Endocrinologists
These are experts on hormones and metabolism. They can treat conditions like
diabetes, thyroid problems, infertility, and calcium and bone disorders.
 Emergency Medicine Specialists
These doctors make life-or-death decisions for sick and injured people, usually in
an emergency room. Their job is to save lives and to avoid or lower the chances
of disability.
Cont.
 Family Physicians
They care for the whole family, including children, adults, and the elderly. They
do routine checkups and screening tests, give you flu and immunization shots,
and manage diabetes and other ongoing medical conditions.
 Gastroenterologists
They’re specialists in digestive organs, including the stomach, bowels,
pancreas, liver, and gallbladder. You might see them for abdominal pain,
ulcers, diarrhea, jaundice, or cancers in your digestive organs.
 Geriatric Medicine Specialists
These doctors care for the elderly. They can treat people in their homes,
doctors' offices, nursing homes, assisted-living centers, and hospitals.
 Hematologists
These are specialists in diseases of the blood, spleen, and lymph glands, like
sickle cell disease, anemia, hemophilia, and leukemia.
Cont.
 Hospice and Palliative Medicine Specialists
They work with people who are nearing death. They’re experts in pain
management. They work with a team of other doctors to keep up your
quality of life.
 Infectious Disease Specialists
They diagnose and treat infections in any part of your body, like fevers,
Lyme disease, pneumonia, tuberculosis, and HIV and AIDS. Some of them
specialize in preventive medicine or travel medicine.
 Internists
These primary-care doctors treat both common and complex illnesses,
usually only in adults. You’ll likely visit them or your family doctor first for
any condition. Internists often have advanced training in a host of
subspecialties, like heart disease, cancer, or adolescent or sleep medicine.
 Medical Geneticists
They diagnose and treat hereditary disorders passed down from parents to
children. These doctors may also offer genetic counseling and screening
Cont.
 Neurologists
These are specialists in the nervous system, which includes the brain, spinal cord, and nerves. They
treat strokes, brain and spinal tumors, epilepsy, Parkinson's disease, and Alzheimer's disease.
 Obstetricians and Gynecologists
Often called OB/GYNs, these doctors focus on women's health, including pregnancy and childbirth.
They do Pap smears, pelvic exams, and pregnancy checkups. OB/GYNs are trained in both areas.
But some of them may focus on women's reproductive health (gynecologists), and others specialize
in caring for pregnant women (obstetricians).
 Oncologists
These internists are cancer specialists. They do chemotherapy treatments and often work with
radiation oncologists and surgeons to care for someone with cancer.
 Ophthalmologists
You call them eye doctors. They can prescribe glasses or contact lenses and diagnose and treat
diseases like glaucoma. Unlike optometrists, they’re medical doctors who can treat every kind of
eye condition as well as operate on the eyes.
 Urologists
These are surgeons who care for men and women for problems in the urinary tract, like a leaky
bladder.
Cont.
 Otolaryngologists
They treat diseases in the ears, nose, throat, sinuses, head, neck, and respiratory
system. They also can do reconstructive and plastic surgery on your head and
neck.
 Pathologists
These lab doctors identify the causes of diseases by examining body tissues and
fluids under microscopes.
 Pediatricians
They care for children from birth to young adulthood. Some pediatricians
specialize in pre-teens and teens, child abuse, or children's developmental issues.
 Physiatrists
These specialists in physical medicine and rehabilitation treat neck or back pain
and sports or spinal cord injuries as well as other disabilities caused by accidents
or diseases.
 Plastic Surgeons
They rebuild or repair your skin, face, hands, breasts, or body.
Cont.
 Podiatrists
They care for problems in your ankles and feet. That can include injuries from
accidents or sports or from ongoing health conditions like diabetes
 Psychiatrists
These doctors work with people with mental, emotional, or addictive disorders.
They can diagnose and treat depression, schizophrenia, substance abuse, anxiety
disorders, and sexual and gender identity issues.
 Radiologists
They use X-rays, ultrasound, and other imaging tests to diagnose diseases. They
can also specialize in radiation oncology to treat conditions like cancer.
 Sleep Medicine Specialists
They find and treat causes behind your poor sleep. They may have sleep labs or
give you take-home tests to chart your sleep-wake patterns.
 General Surgeons
These doctors can operate on all parts of your body. They can take out tumors,
appendices, or gallbladders and repair hernias. Many surgeons have
subspecialties, like cancer, hand, or vascular surgery.