RELATIONS
and
FUNCTIONS
A relation is a set of ordered pairs.
{(2,3), (-1,5), (4,-2),
(9,9), (0,-6)}
The domain is the set of all x
Domainin=the
values {-1,0,2,4,9}
relation.
The range is the set of all y values
range
in = {-6,-2,3,5,9}
the relation.
A relation is a set of ordered pairs.
{(2,3), (-1,5), (4,-2),
(9,9), (0,-6)}
ABSCISSA – x-
coordinate
Ordinate – y-
coordinate
RELATIONS
{(John, Jean), (John,Jane),
(Bryan,Petra)}
Domain = {John,
Bryan}
Range = {Jean, Jane,
Petra}
A function is a relation in which each
element of the domain corresponds to
exactly one element of the range.
Example:
{(2,3), (-1,5), (4,-2), functi
(9,9), (0,-6)} on
{(2,3), (-1,5), (2,-2), × not a
(9,9), (-1,-6)} function
Relation or Function?
{(Girl,Lipstick), (Girl,Bronzer),
(Boy,Gel), (Girl,Eyeliner)}
Not a
function
Relation or Function?
{(Cat, Kitten), (Dog, Puppy), (Pig,
Piglet), (Bear, Cub)}
function
5 Representation of
Relations and
functions
1. Functions and relations as a set of
ordered pairs
A function can be represented by a machine with an
“input” and an “output”. But we can also represent
these input and output values as a set of ordered pairs.
For example, if the input value -1 correspond to output
3, then (-1, 3) is its ordered pairs representation.
b)𝑔 = {(4, 6), (4, 7), (9, 8), (2, 9), (6, 10)}
a)ƒ = {(1, 4), (4, 4), (3, 6), (6, 7)}
c)h = {(1, 3), (2, 6), (3, 9), . . . , (n, 3n),(n+1,
3n+3) . . .}
2. Functions and relations as a table of
values
3. Functions and relations as a mapping
diagram
Types of Mapping
Diagram
One to one
function
Types of Mapping
Diagram
One to many
× not a
function
Types of Mapping
Diagram
Many to one
function
Types of Mapping
Diagram
Many to many
× not a
function
4. Functions as a graph in the Cartesian
plane
4. Functions as a graph in the Cartesian
plane
4. Functions as a graph in the Cartesian
plane
VERTICAL LINE TEST
A graph represents a function if and only if each
vertical line intersects the graph at most once.
function
VERTICAL LINE TEST
A graph represents a function if and only if each
vertical line intersects the graph at most once.
× not a function
function
5. Functions and relations as an equation
y = 2x + 3 function
𝑦 = 𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 +function
4
𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 =not
1 a function
function
Functions in
the real world
Money as a function of
time.
X
(Hours) 1 2 3 4 5
Y
(Salary)
150 300 450 600 750
Location as a function of
time.
X
(Location) India China Tokyo London
Y 6:34 9:04 10:05 2:05
(Time) PM PM PM PM
Objects/shape as a function
of their area.
X
(Objects) Square Circle Triangle
Y
(Area) s 2
EVALUATING
FUNCTIONs
Evaluating function
is the process of determining the value of the function at
the number assigned to a given variable.
STEPS IN EVALUATING FUNCTIONS
a) replace each letter in the expression with
the assigned value,
b) perform the operations in the expression
using the correct order of operations,
and
c) simplify the resulting numerical
expression.
Evaluate function 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 −
5 for each replacement value of 𝑥.
A. -3 B. 0 C. 2 D. 5
If 𝑥 = −4, evaluate the following
𝑓(𝑥) = 2𝑥 − 3
functions:
𝑔(𝑥) = 2𝑥 + 1
a.
ℎ(𝑥) =
b.
𝑘(𝑥) = 2𝑥 − 5𝑥 + 1
c.
d. 2
If 𝑥 = −4, evaluate the following
functions:
OPERATIONS
on functions
OPERATIONS ON FUNCTIONS
Let 𝑓(𝑥) = 2𝑥 3 − 5𝑥 − 𝑥 + 6 and 𝑔(𝑥) =
EXAMPLE
2𝑥 2 − 13𝑥 + 15
2
a. (f+g)(x)
Let 𝑓(𝑥) = 2𝑥 3 − 5𝑥 − 𝑥 + 6 and 𝑔(𝑥) =
EXAMPLE
2𝑥 2 − 13𝑥 + 15
2
a. (f-g)(x)
Let 𝑓(𝑥) = 2𝑥 3 − 5𝑥 − 𝑥 + 6 and 𝑔(𝑥) =
EXAMPLE
2𝑥 2 − 13𝑥 + 15
2
a. (f·g)(x)
Let 𝑓(𝑥) = 2𝑥 3 − 5𝑥 − 𝑥 + 6 and 𝑔(𝑥) =
EXAMPLE
2𝑥 2 − 13𝑥 + 15
2
( ) 𝒇
𝒈
( 𝒙)
COMPOSITIO
N of functions
The composition of the function 𝒇
with 𝒈 is denoted by (𝑓ο𝑔) and is
defined by the equation: (𝑓o 𝑔)(𝑥) =
𝑓(𝑔(𝑥))
function 𝑓o 𝑔 is the set of all x such
The domain of the composition
that
1. x is in the domain of g and
2. g(x) is in the domain of f
Find (𝑓o 𝑔)(𝑥)
Find (g o f)(𝑥)
Problems Involving
Functions
Mark has 280 pesos in his saving account and
adding 40 pesos each week. Write an equation
relating T (total amount saved) and n (number
of weeks Mark has been adding money) and find
the total amount Mark saves after 12 weeks.
A taxi company charges ₱50 flat fee upon
offering their services and ₱ 5 for every elapsed
minute. Write an expression for the total taxi fare
as a function of elapsed time. Then solve for the
total fare after the taxi traveled for 30 minutes.
f(x) = 5x +
50 Solve f(30)
f(30)=5(30) + 50
=200 pesos
A fruit falls from a tree that is 75 feet tall. How
high is the fruit from the ground 2 seconds after
it was dropped? Use vertical motion model,
h(t)=-16t2+75 where t is the time in seconds,
and h is the height in feet.
Solve t=2 seconds Hence, after 2 seconds,
the fruit is 11 feet above
h(t)=-16t2+75 the ground
h(2)=-16(2)2+75
=-64+75
=11
piecewise
FUNCTIONs
PIECEWISE FUNCTIONS
A piecewise function or a
compound function is a function
defined by multiple subfunctions,
where each subfunction applies
to a certain interval of𝑥the
≤ 2 main
𝑓 ( 𝑥 ){=
𝑥 − 2 , 𝑖𝑓
function’s domain.
𝑥 − 3 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 >2
PIECEWISE FUNCTION: EXAMPLE 1
A fare for the first 4 kilometers is 12
pesos. After the first 4 kilometers,
there is an increase of 1.75 pesos in
the fare for each additional
kilometer. If x is the total distance
(in kilometer), write a piecewise
𝑓 ( 𝑥
{
)
function that
scenario.
=
1 2 ,𝑖𝑓
represents
12+
𝑥≤ 4
this
1.75( 𝑥 − 4) 𝑖𝑓 𝑥> 4
PIECEWISE FUNCTION: EXAMPLE
How much will a passenger pay
for a 25-kilometer trip?
{
𝑓 (𝑥 )=
1 2 ,𝑖𝑓 𝑥 ≤ 4
12+ 1.75( 𝑥 − 4) 𝑖𝑓 𝑥> 4
PIECEWISE FUNCTION: EXAMPLE 2
A t-shirt printing shop charges 80
pesos per shirt for printing 15 or
fewer shirts, 60 pesos per shirt for
printing 40 or fewer but not more
than 15 shirts, and 50 pesos per
shirt for printing more than 40
shirts.
1. Write a function to model the cost f
PIECEWISE FUNCTION: EXAMPLE 2
A t-shirt printing shop charges 80 pesos
per shirt for printing 15 or fewer shirts,
60 pesos per shirt for printing 40 or
fewer but not more than 15 shirts, and
50 pesos per shirt for printing more
{
than 40 shirts. 8 0 𝑥 , 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 ≤ 15
𝑓 ( 𝑥 ) = 60 𝑥 , 𝑖𝑓 15 < 𝑥 ≤ 40
50 𝑥 , 𝑖𝑓 𝑥> 40
