Sequence & Series
Sequences and Series, Summations
Imran Shafi
Email: [email protected]
Lecture Contents
✔Sequence (Definition, Notations, Example)
✔Defining Sequence
✔Arithmetic Progression (Generic Form, Example)
✔ Sample Questions
✔Geometric Progression (Generic Form, Example)
✔Sample Questions
✔Summation (Computing, Examples)
✔Properties of Summation
✔Arithmetic Series
✔Sum of Series (Arithmetic, Geometric)
✔Infinite Geometric Series
✔Important Sums
Sequence
A sequence is an ordered list of items.
It may be imagined as a function mapped from
elements of set N to elements of set S. nth value of
sequence is denoted by an.
Example:
an = 2n shows a sequence as image
Sequence
A sequence is just a list of elements usually written in a row.
EXAMPLES
✔1, 2, 3, 4, 5, …
✔4, 8, 12, 16, 20,…
✔2, 4, 8, 16, 32, …
✔1, 1/2, 1/3, 1/4, 1/5, …
✔1, 4, 9, 16, 25, …
✔1, -1, 1, -1, 1, -1, …
NOTE:
The symbol “…” is called ellipsis, and reads “and so forth”
Sequence: Formal Definition
A sequence is a function whose domain is the set of integers
greater than or equal to a particular integer n0.
Usually this set is the set of Natural numbers {1, 2, 3, …} or
the set of whole numbers {0, 1, 2, 3, …}.
Sequence with explicit Formula
An explicit formula or general formula for a sequence is a
rule that shows how the values of ak depends on k.
Example:
Define a sequence a1, a2, a3, … by the explicit formula
Defining Sequence: Exercise
Write the first four terms of the sequence defined by
the formula aj = 1 + 2j, for all integers j ≥ 0
Defining Sequence: Exercise
Compute the first six terms of the sequence defined by
the formula an = 1+ (-1)n for all integers n ≥ 0
Defining Sequence: Example
Find explicit formulas for sequences with the initial terms
given:
0, 1, -2, 3, -4, 5, …
2, 6, 12, 20, 30, 42, 56, …
1/4, 2/9, 3/16, 4/25, 5/36, 6/49, …
Arithmetic Sequence
A sequence in which every term after the first is obtained from
the preceding term by adding a constant number is called an
arithmetic sequence or arithmetic progression (A.P.)
The constant number, being the difference of any two
consecutive terms is called the common difference of A.P.,
commonly denoted by “d”.
EXAMPLES
1. 5, 9, 13, 17, … (common difference = 4)
2. 0, -5, -10, -15, … (common difference = -5)
3. x + a, x + 3a, x + 5a, … (common difference = 2a)
Generic Form of Arithmetic Progression
Let a be the first term and d be the common difference
of an arithmetic sequence. Then the sequence is
a, a+d, a+2d, a+3d, …, a+(n-1)d for all integers n ≥1
In above formula; an is nth term, n is number of term, a is first
term of progression and d is common difference
Arithmetic Progression: Example
Find the 20th term of the arithmetic sequence
3, 9, 15, 21, …
Arithmetic Progression: Example
Which term of the arithmetic sequence 4, 1, -2,…, is -77?
Arithmetic Progression: Exercise
Find the 36th term of the arithmetic sequence whose 3rd
term is 7 and 8th term is 17.
Geometric Sequence
A sequence in which every term after the first is obtained from
the preceding term by multiplying it with a constant number is
called a geometric sequence or geometric progression (G.P.)
The constant number, being the ratio of any two consecutive
terms is called the common ratio of the G.P. commonly denoted
by “r”.
EXAMPLES
1, 2, 4, 8, 16, … (common ratio = 2)
3, - 3/2, 3/4, - 3/8, … (common ratio = - 1/2)
0.1, 0.01, 0.001, 0.0001, … (common ratio = 1/10)
Generic Form of Geometric Progression
Let a be the first tem and r be the common ratio of a geometric
sequence. Then the sequence is a, ar, ar2, ar3, …
If ai, for i ≥ 1 represent the terms of the sequence, then
a1 = first term = a = ar1-1
a2 = second term = ar = ar2-1
a3 = third term = ar2 = ar3-1
………………
………………
an = nth term = arn-1; for all integers n ≥ 1
Geometric Progression: Example
Find the 8th term of the following geometric sequence
4, 12, 36, 108, …
Geometric Progression: Exercise
Which term of the geometric sequence is 1/8 if the first term is 4
and common ratio ½?
Geometric Progression: Exercise
Write the geometric sequence with positive terms whose second
term is 9 and fourth term is 1.
Summation
The sum of the terms of a sequence forms a series. If
a1, a2, a3, …
represent a sequence of numbers, then the corresponding
series is a1 + a2 + a3 + …
=
The Greek letter sigma is used to write a sum in short hand
notation
= a1 + a2 + a3 + … + an
where k varies from 1 to n.
Computing Summation
Let a0 = 2, a1 = 3, a2 = -2, a3 = 1 and a4 = 0.
Compute each of the summations:
= a0 + a1 + a2 +a3 +a4
= 2 + 3 + -2 + 1 + 0 = 4
= a1
=3
= a0 + a2 +a4
= 2 + (-2) + 0 = 0
Computing Summation: Exercise
Compute each of the following summations:
Expanded Form of Summation
Write the following using summation
notation:
Properties of Summation
c∈R
Properties of Summation
n terms
Summation Properties: Exercise
Simplify the following:
Summation Properties: Exercise
Solution?
Summation Properties: Exercise
Solution?
Summation Properties: Exercise
Solution?
Arithmetic Series
The sum of the terms of an arithmetic sequence forms an
arithmetic series (A.S). For example
1+3+5+7+…
is an arithmetic series of positive odd integers.
In general, if a is the first term and d the common difference of
an arithmetic series, then the series is given as:
a + (a+d) + (a+2d) +…
Sum of (N-Term) Arithmetic Series
Let a be the first term and d be the common difference of an
arithmetic series. Then its nth term is:
an = a + (n - 1)d; n ≥ 1
If Sn denotes the sum of first n terms of the A.S, then
Sn = a + (a + d) + (a + 2d) + … + [a + (n-1) d]
Sn = a + (a+d) + (a + 2d) + … + an
Sn = a + (a+d) + (a + 2d) + … + (an - d) + an ………(1)
Where an = a + (n - 1) d
Rewriting the terms in the series in reverse order,
Sn = an + (an - d) + (an - 2d) + … + (a + d) + a ……….(2)
Adding (1) & 2, we get
Sn= n/2 [2 a + (n - 1) d]
Sum of Arithmetic Series: Exercise
Find the sum of all two digit positive integers which are neither
divisible by 5 nor by 2.
Solution:
Sn =(11 + 13 + 15 + …. +99)–(15 + 25 + 35 +…..+ 95)
Geometric Series
The sum of the terms of a geometric sequence forms a geometric
series (G.S.). For example:
1 + 2 + 4 + 8 + 16 + …
is geometric series.
In general, if a is the first term and r the common ratio of a
geometric series, then the series is given as:
a + ar + ar2 + ar3 + …
Sum of Geometric Series (N-Terms)
Let a be the first term and r be the common ratio of a
geometric series. Then its nth term is:
an = arn-1; n ≥ 1
If Sn denotes the sum of first n terms of the G.S. then
Sn = a + ar + ar2 + ar3 + … + arn-2 + arn-1……………(1)
Multiplying both sides by r we get.
rSn = ar + ar2 + ar3 + … + arn-1 + arn………………(2)
Subtracting (2) from (1) we get
Sn - r Sn = a – arn
⇒ (1 - r) Sn = a (1 - rn)
⇒ Sn = a (1 - rn) / (1 - r) (r <>1)
Geometric Series: Exercise
Find the sum of geometric series given below:
Infinite Geometric Series
Consider the infinite geometric series
a + ar + ar2 + … + arn-1 + …
then
If Sn 🡪 S as n → ∞, then the series is convergent
and S is its sum.
If |r| < 1, then rn → 0 as n → ∞
Geometric Series Sum: Example
Find the sum of the infinite geometric series:
Important Sums
Series Sum: Exercise
Sum to n terms the series
1.5+5.11+9.17+…
solution:
lets write the nth term of given series
tk = [a0 + (k-1)d].[b0 + (k-1)d]
= [1+(k-1)4].[5+(k-1)6]
= (4k-3).(6k-1)
= 24k2-22k+3
now
sn =
Series Sum: Example
= (24k2-22k+3)
= 24 k2 – 22 k + 3 1
= 24 (n(n+1)(2n+1))/6 – 22 (n(n+1)) / 2 + 3 n
= 4n (2n2 + 3n + 1) - 11 (n2 + n) + 3n
= 8n3 + 12n2 + 4n - 11n2 - 11n + 3n
= 8n3 + n2 - 4n
Some Useful Sequences
Some Useful Summations
Sequences & Summations … Exercises
1. How can we produce the terms of a sequence if the first 10
terms are 1, 2, 2, 3, 3, 3, 4, 4, 4, 4?
2. How can we produce the terms of a sequence if the first 10
terms are 5, 11, 17, 23, 29, 35, 41, 47, 53, 59?
3. How can we produce the terms of a sequence if the first 10
terms are 1, 3, 4, 7, 11, 18, 29, 47, 76, 123?
4. Conjecture a simple formula for an if the first 10 terms of the
sequence {an} are 1, 7, 25, 79, 241, 727, 2185, 6559, 19681,
59047.
Evaluate the Summations … Exercises
Evaluate the Summations … Exercises
Evaluate the Summations … Exercises
Evaluate the Summations … Exercises
