 Welcome to offline Class

DATA COMMUNICATIONS

Chapter 1
Introduction
 Syllabus and Overview of All units
UNIT – I
Introduction: Communication model and Modulation Techniques (AM, FM and PM), Data
Communication networking, Protocols and Architecture, Standards.
Data Transmission: Concepts and Terminology, Analog and Digital Transmission, Transmission
Impairments, Transmission media.
Data Encoding: Digital Data Digital Signals, Digital Data-Analog Signals, Analog Data- Digital
Signals, Analog Data-Analog Signals.

UNIT – II
Data Communication Interface: Asynchronous and Synchronous Transmission, Line
Configuration, Interfacing.
Data Link Control: Flow Control, Error Detection, Error Control, HDLC, Other Data link
Control Protocols, Performance Issues.

UNIT – III
Multiplexing & Switching: Frequency Division Multiplexing, Wavelength Division Multiplexing,
Synchronous Time Division Multiplexing, Statistical Time Division Multiplexing. Asymmetric
Digital Subscriber Line, xDSL. Circuit Switching, Packet Switching & Frame Relay. ATM:
Architecture, Logical Connection, ATM Cells, Transmission of ATM cells.

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 Syllabus and Overview of All units
UNIT – IV

Ethernets: Traditional Ethernet Topologies and Transmission Media, LAN protocol

architecture,
MAC sub layer, CSMA/CD, Physical Layer, Bridged, Switched and Full Duplex
Ethernets. Fast Ethernet: MAC sub Layer, Physical layer, Gigabit Ethernet: MAC sub
Layer, Physical Layer.

UNIT – V

Cellular Wireless Networks: Principles of Cellular Networks, First Generation Analog,

Second
Generation CDMA and Third Generation Systems.
Wireless LANs: Overview, Wireless LAN Technology, IEEE 802.11 Architecture and
Services,
IEEE
802.11 Medium Access Control, IEEE 802.11 Physical Layer.
Bluetooth & Zigbee: Architecture, Layers and Protocols.

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 DATA COMMUNICATIONS
Objectives:
1. Tounderstandthebasicsofdatatransmission,transmissionmedia,datacommunications
system and its components.
2. To describe various encoding and modulation schemes, various data link protocols
for flow control, error detection and correction.
3. To understand different types of multiplexing, spread spectrum techniques, Ethernet,
services of WLANs and Bluetooth
Outcomes:
On successful completion of this course, students will be able to:

1.Identify the process of converting data into signals.

2.Describe the importance of the Physical and Data link layers of ISO 7-layer reference model.

3.Explain the features of various multiplexing and switching techniques.

4.Identify the protocols used in various types of computer networks.

5.Describe the operation of Wireless networks(Cellular, WLAN, Bluetooth)

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 DATA COMMUNICATIONS
Overview of learning resources:

Prescribed text book

1.William Stallings, Data and Computer communication, 7th edition.
Pearson Education, Asia-2004.
2.Behrouz A. Forouzan, Data Communications and Networking, 4th Edition,
Tata McGraw Hill, 2006.

Reference Books
1.Achyut Godbole, Data Communications and Networks, 2nd Edition, Tata
McGraw Hill, 2006.
2.Fred Halsall, Data Communications, Computer Networks and Open Systems,
4th Edition, Pearson Education, 2000.

Online Resources
http://www.tutorialspoint.com/data_communication_computer_network/index.ht
m
http://nptel.iitm.ac.in/syllabus/syllabus.php?subjectId=106105
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 DATA COMMUNICATIONS
Additional Material Provided
1.Question Bank
2.Lecture Notes

Overview Assessment:
1.Assignment
2.Quiz
3.Class tests
4.University Exam.
5. Tutorial

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 Chapter -1

Data Communications, Data Networks, and

the Internet

Introduction
A Communication model
Networks
The Internet
An example Configuration

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1.8
 1-1 DATA COMMUNICATIONS
The term telecommunication means communication at a
distance. The word data refers to information presented
in whatever form is agreed upon by the parties creating
and using the data. Data communications are the
exchange of data between two devices via some form of
transmission medium such as a wire cable.

Topics discussed in this section:

Components
Data Representation
Data Flow

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 Data Communication System Components

There are mainly five components of a data communication system:

1.Message : A message could be in any form, it may be in form of a text file, an audio file, a
video file, etc.

2.Sender: It is simple a device that sends data message.

The device could be in form of a computer, mobile, telephone, laptop, video
camera, or a workstation, etc.

3. Receiver : It is a device that receives message. Same as sender, receiver can also
be in form of a computer, telephone mobile, workstation, etc.

4. Transmission Medium : In entire process of data communication, there must be

something which could act as a bridge between sender and receiver, Transmission medium
plays that part. It is physical path by which data or message travels from sender to receiver.
Transmission medium could be guided (with wires) or unguided (without wires), for example,
twisted pair cable, fiber optic cable, radio waves, microwaves, etc

5. Set of rules (Protocol): To govern data communications, various sets of rules had
been already designed by the designers of the communication systems, which represent a
kind of agreement between communicating devices. These are defined as protocol. In simple
terms, the protocol is a set of rules that govern data communication.

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1.11
 Figure 1.1 Five components of data communication

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1.13
 Data Flow
What is Transmission Modes?
The Data Transmission mode specifies the direction of information flow
between two communication devices via a communication channel that
includes an optical fiber, wireless channels, copper wires, and
other storage media . It is also known as Data Communication Mode.
The transmission mode is sometimes referred to as a directional mode
because each communication channel is coupled with a direction
provided by the transmission media.
There are three types of transmission modes.

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Simplex mode ,|Half duplex mode, Full duplex mode
In this mode of transmission, communication occurs only in one direction, i.e., the
Simplex mode is just like a one-way road in which the traffic travels only in one direction,
which means no vehicle from the opposite direction is allowed to drive through.

Simplex:

The half duplex mode of transmission is used in computer networks when there is a way to
flow information from sender to receiver but only one at a time.

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 The Full Duplex mode of transmission is used in computing networks when there is
simultaneous information flow in both directions, from sender to receiver. In this mode of
transmission, the channel capacity is shared between the two devices, and communication
occurs in both directions across a communication link that requires two wires.

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1.17
 Figure 1.2 Data flow (simplex, half-duplex, and full-duplex)

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A Communications Model
 Communication model
 The fundamental purpose of a communications system is the exchange
of data between two parties. This section introduces a simple model of
communication, illustrated in general and by specific example in
Stallings DCC8e Figure 1.2. The key elements of this model are:

 Source - generates data to be transmitted

 Transmitter - converts data into transmittable signals
 Transmission System - carries data from source to destination
 Receiver - converts received signal into data
 Destination - takes incoming data

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Simplified Data
Communications Model
 Suppose a computer A wants send a message to
computer B the message is effected to change as
follows
"Data Communications”, deals with the most fundamental aspects of the communications
function, focusing on the transmission of signals in a reliable and efficient manner.

 Stallings DCC8e Figure 1.3 provides a new perspective on the communications model of
Figure 1.2a.
 We trace the details of this figure using electronic mail as an example.
 Assume a PC user wants to send an email message m to another user.
 The process is modeled as follows:

 user keys in message m comprising bits g buffered in source PC memory

 input data is transferred to I/O device (transmitter) as sequence of bits g(t) using voltage
shifts
 transmitter converts these into a signal s(t) suitable for transmission media being used
 whilst transiting media signal may be impaired so received signal r(t) may differ from s(t)
 receiver decodes signal recovering g’(t) as estimate of original g(t)
 which is buffered in destination PC memory as bits g’ being the received message m

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1-2 DATA COMMUNICATION NETWORKING

A network is a set of devices (often referred to as nodes)

connected by communication links. A node can be a
computer, printer, or any other device capable of sending
and/or receiving data generated by other nodes on the
network
.

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 Physical Structures:
 A Network is two or more devices connected through links
 A link is a communication path way that transfers data from
one device to another
 There are two possible types of connections:

point–to–point
 multipoint

 point–to–point: It provides a dedicated link between two

devices
 multipoint: It is one in which more than two specific devices
share a single link
Physical Structures:
point–to–point:

station
Link station

Multipoin
t:
station station

server

station
 Figure 1.3 Types of connections: point-to-point and multipoint

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Topology:
 Two or more devices connected to a link
 Two or more links form a topology
 Categories of Topology:


Topology

Mesh star Bus Ring

 Mesh Topology
 Every device has a dedicated point-to-point link to every
other device.
 The term dedicated means that the link carries traffic only
between two devices it connects.
 Mesh
 To link n devices fully connected mesh
has:
n ( n - 1) / 2 physical
channels (Full-Duplex)

 Every Device on the network must

have
n - 1 ports
Physical Topology

 Mesh

Example:
8 devices in mesh has links: n(n-1) / 2

number of links = 8 (8-1)/2 = 28

number of ports per device = n – 1 = 8

–1 = 7
 Mesh Topology
 Advantages:
 Dedicated link guarantees that each connection
can carry its own data load, eliminating traffic
problems.
 security: When every message travels along a

dedicated line ,only the intended recipient sees it

 Disadvantages:
 Amount of cabling and No of I/O ports required.

 Bulk of wiring.
Star Topology:

 In a star topology each device has a dedicated point to point

link only to a central controller called a Hub
 The devices are not directly linked to one another.
 It does not allow direct traffic between devices
 Bus Topology:
 A Bus Topology is multipoint. One long cable acts as a
backbone to link all the devices in a network

Bus Topology:
 Advantages:
 Easy of installation.
 Less cabling than mesh or star topologies.
 Disadvantages:
 A bus is usually designed to be optimally efficient at
installation ,then it is Difficult to add new devices.
 A fault or break in the bus cable stops all
transmission ,even between devices on the same side of the
problem.
 Ring Topology:
 Each device has a dedicated point to point connection with
only the two devices on either side of it.
 A signal is passed along the ring in one direction
 Ring Topology
 Advantages:

Easy to install and reconfigure
 Easy to add or delete a device

 Disadvantage:
 Unidirectional traffic

 A break in the can disable the entire network.

 Classification based on Network
Scale

Classification of interconnected
processors by scale.
Types of computer
networks
 LAN (Local Area Networks)
 This type of network is generally called a LAN and are privately-owned
networks within a single building or campus of up to a few miles in size.
 They are widely used to connect personal computers and workstations in
company offices and factories to share resources (e.g. printers) and
exchange information.
 LANs are distinguished from other kinds of networks by three
characteristics: 1) their size, 2) their transmission technology, and 3) their
topology.
 LANs are restricted in size
 LANs often use a transmission technology consisting of a single cable to
which all the machines are attached, like the telephone company party
lines once used in rural areas.
 Traditional LANs run at speeds of 10 to 100 Mbps, have low delay (tens of
microseconds), and make very few errors.
 Room : 10m Building: 100m campus: 1km
LAN (Local Area Networks)
Metropolitan Area Networks:
 It is a bigger version of LAN
 Ex: Local Cable Television Network.
 It supports 802.6( IEEE standard) called DQDB
(Distributed Queue Dual Bus)
 DQDB consists of two unidirectional buses(cables) to
which all computers are connected.
 A metropolitan area network (MAN) is a network that
interconnects users with computer resources in a geographic
area or region larger than that covered by even a large local
area network (LAN) but smaller than the area covered by a
wide area network (WAN).
 city-10km
Metropolitan Area Networks:
 Wide Area Network
 Network spread geographically ( country or across
globe) is called WAN.
 WAN contain hosts these are connected by a
communication subnet.
 The job of the subnet is to carry messages from host to
host.
 Ex: The telephone system carries words from speaker
to listener.
 Relation between hosts and the subnet
 Country : 100 km and 1,000 km
Wide Area Network
 Internet works:
 10,000km
Internet works
 A collection of interconnected networks is called
an internetwork or internet.
 1-3 THE INTERNET

The Internet has revolutionized many aspects of our daily

lives. It has affected the way we do business as well as the
way we spend our leisure time. The Internet is a
communication system that has brought a wealth of
information to our fingertips and organized it for our use.

Topics discussed in this section:

A Brief History
The Internet Today (ISPs)

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The Internet
 Internet has revolutionized many aspects of our
daily lives.
 It has affected the way we do business as well as
the way we spend our leisure time.
 Internet is a communication system that has
brought a wealth of information to our fingertips
and organized it for our use
 An internet is 2 or more networks that can
communicate with each other
 The Internet is a collaboration of more than
hundreds of thousands of interconnected networks
The Internet
 An internet (small i) is two or more networks
 Notable internet is called the Internet (hundreds of thousands
interconnected networks)

Private individuals + government agencies + school + research facilities +
Corporations + libraries in more than 100 countries
 This communication system came in 1969
 Mid-1960 (ARPA) Advanced Research Projects Agency in (DOD) was
interested to connect mainframes in research organizations
 1967, ARPA presented its ideas for ARPANET

Host computer connecting to (IMP) interface message processor.

Each IMP communicate with other IMP
 1969, four nodes (universities) connected via IMPs to form a network

Software (NCP) Network Control Protocol provided communication
between the hosts.
 1972, Vint Cerf and Bob Kahn invented (TCP) Transmission Control
Protocol

Later TCP was split to (TCP) Transmission Control Protocol and (IP)
Internetworking Protocol
The Internet

 Internet Today
 Made of many LANs and WANs
 Every day new networks area added
and removed
 Internet services Providers (ISPs) offer
services to the end users

International service providers Data
rate

National service providers

Regional service providers

Local service providers
The Internet

Hierarchical organization of the Internet

 1-4 PROTOCOLS AND STANDARDS

In this section, we define two widely used terms: protocols

and standards. First, we define protocol, which is
synonymous with rule. Then we discuss standards, which
are agreed-upon rules.

Topics discussed in this section:

Protocols
Standards
Standards Organizations
Internet Standards

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Protocols and Standards

 Protocol synonymous with rule

 Standards: agreed-upon rules

 Protocols
 A protocol is a set of rules that govern data
communications
 Defines What, How, and When it is
communicated
 Protocols and Standards
 Elements of a protocol:
 Syntax: structure or format of data

Example: 8-bits address of sender, 8-bits address
of receiver

 Semantics: meaning of each section of bits


Example: Does the address is a route to be taken
or the final destination of the message

 Timing: when data should be sent and how fast

they can be sent

Example: sender produces data at 100 Mbps but
the receiver can process data at only 1 Mbps 
overload and data loose
Standards
 Essential in creating and maintaining an open
and competitive market for equipment
manufactures
 Guaranteeing national and international
interoperability of data and
telecommunication technology and processes
 Providing guidelines to manufacturers,
vendors, government agencies, and other
service providers to ensure the kind of
interconnectivity necessary in today’s
marketplace and in international
communications
Standards

 Two categories
 De facto: not approved by an
organized body but adopted as
standards through widespread use
 De jure: Legislated by an officially
recognized body
Standards

 Standards are developed through the

cooperation of:
 Standards Creation Committees

ISO, ITU-T, CCITT, ANSI, IEEE, EIA
 Forums

Created by special-interest groups

Present their conclusions to the standards bodies
 Regulatory Agencies

Ministry of Telecommunication and Information
Technology (KSA)

Purpose: Protecting the public by regulating radio,
television, and communication
Standards

 Internet standards

Tested thoroughly tested specification that is
useful to be adhered to by those who work with
the Internet

Formalized regulation that must be followed

Specification become Internet standard

Begins as Internet draft for 6 months

Upon recommendation from the Internet
authorities draft published as Request for
Comment (RFC)

RFC is edited, assigned a number, and made available
to all interested parties
 Figure 1.13 Hierarchical organization of the Internet

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