OSI
• OSI was developed by the International Organization for Standardization
(ISO) and introduced in 1984.
• It is a layered architecture (consists of seven layers).
• Each layer defines a set of functions which takes part in data
communication.
OSI Model Layers
Layer - 7 Application
User support Layers
Layer - 6 Presentation or
Software Layers
Layer - 5 Session
Layer - 4 Transport Core layer of the
OSI
Layer - 3 Network
Network support Layers
Layer - 2 Data Link or
Hardware Layers
Layer - 1 Physical
Application Layer
• Application Layer is responsible for providing
Application
an interface for the users to interact with
application services or Networking Services .
Presentation • Ex: Web browser, Telnet etc.
Session
Transport
Network
Data Link
Physical
Examples of Networking Services
Service Port No.
HTTP 80
HTTPS 443
FTP 20/21
SFTP 22
SMTP 25
SSH 22
TELNET 23
TFTP 69
Data flow from Application Layer
Application Data
80 21 25 53 67 69
Presentation
Session
Transport
Network
Data Link
Physical
Presentation Layer
Presentation Layer It is responsible for
Application
defining a standard format to the data.
It deals with data presentation.
Presentation
The major functions described at this layer are..
Encoding – Decoding
Session
Eg: ASCII, EBCDIC (Text)
JPEG,GIF,TIFF (Graphics)
Transport
MIDI,WAV (Voice)
MPEG,DAT,AVI (Video)
Network
Encryption – Decryption
Data Link Compression – Decompression
Physical
Data flow from Presentation Layer
Application Data
Presentation Data
Session
Transport
Network
Data Link
Physical
Session Layer
Session Layer
Application
It is responsible for establishing, maintaining
and terminating the sessions.
Presentation Session ID is used to identify a session or
interaction.
Session Examples :
MSTSC/RDP : Microsoft Terminal Services/Remote
Transport Desktop Protocol
FTP: File transfer Protocol
Network
Data Link
Physical
Data flow from Session Layer
Application Data
Presentation Data
Session Data
Transport
Network
Data Link
Physical
Transport Layer
Transport Layer
Application
It provides data delivery mechanism between
the applications in the network.
Presentation The major functions described at the Transport
Layer are..
Session
•Identifying Service
Transport •Multiplexing & De-multiplexing
•Segmentation
Network •Sequencing & Reassembling
•Error Correction
Data Link
Physical
Identifying a Service
• Identification of Services is done using port Numbers.
• Port is a logical communication Channel
Total No. Ports 0 – 65535
Reserved Ports 1 - 1023
Open Ports 1024 – 65535
Transport Layer Protocols
• The protocols which takes care of Data Transportation at Transport layer
are…TCP,UDP
TCP UDP
• User Datagram Protocol
• Transmission Control
• Connection Less
Protocol
• No support for Ack’s
• Connection Oriented
• Unreliable communication
• Supports Ack’s
• Faster data Transportation
• Reliable communication
• Protocol No is 17
• Slower data Transportation
• Eg: DNS, DHCP, TFTP
• Protocol No is 6
• Eg: HTTP, FTP, SMTP
Multiplexing & De-multiplexing
Application
Presentation
Session
80 21 25 53 67 69
Transport
TCP - 6 UDP - 17
Network
Data Link
Physical
Data flow from Session Layer
Application Data
Presentation Data
Session Data
Transport THSegment
Data
Network
Data Link
Physical
Network Layer
Network Layer
Application
It provides Logical addressing & Path
determination (Routing)
Presentation The protocols that work in this layer are:
Routed Protocols:
Session IP, IPX, AppleTalk.. Etc
Routed protocols used to carry user data
Transport between hosts.
Routing Protocols:
Network RIP, OSPF.. Etc
Routing protocols performs Path determination
Data Link (Routing).
Physical
Data flow from Transport Layer
Application Data
Presentation Data
Devices that work at
Network Layer Session Data
are Router, Multilayer
switch etc..
Transport THSegment
Data
Network NH Packet
Segment
Data Link
Physical
Datalink Layer
Datalink Layer
Application •MAC (Media Access Control) It provides
reliable transit of data across a physical link.
Presentation It also provides ERROR DETECTION using CRC
(Cyclic Redundancy Check) and ordered
Session delivery of Frames.
Ex: GigabitEthernet,Fastethernet,Ethernet, Token
Transport ring…etc
Network
Data Link
Physical
Data flow from Transport Layer
Application Data
Presentation Data
Session Data
Devices that work at Transport THSegment
Data
Data link layer are
Switch, Bridge etc.. Network NH Packet
Segment
Data Link Frame DH
DT Packet
Physical
Physical Layer
Physical Layer
Application It defines the electrical, Mechanical & functional
specifications for communication between the
Presentation Network devices.
The functions described at this layer are..
Encoding/decoding:
Session It is the process of converting the binary data into
signals based on the type of the media.
Copper media : Electrical signals of different voltages
Transport Fiber media: Light pulses of different wavelengths
Wireless media: Radio frequency waves
Modes of transmission of signals:
Network Signal Communication happens in three different modes
Simplex, Half-duplex, Full-duplex
Data Link Protocols works at physical layer: 10BaseT, 100BaseT, V.35,
RS-232..etc
Physical
Data flow from Transport Layer
Application Data
Presentation Data
Session Data
Transport THSegment
Data
Devices that work at Network NH Packet
Segment
physical layer are ..
Hub, Repeater.. Etc
Data Link Frame DH
DT Packet
Physical Bits
Comparison between OSI & TCP/IP Model
Application
Presentation Application
Session
Transport Host to Host
Network Internet
Data Link
Network Access
Physical
