Scribd
Upload
0 views20 pages

#13. Crystal Properties

The document provides an introduction to semiconductor devices, focusing on semiconductor materials and crystal lattice structures. It explains the properties of semiconductors, their conductivity variations, and categorizes them into single-element and compound types. Additionally, it discusses the periodic structures of crystal lattices, including types of solids and the characteristics of cubic lattices.

Uploaded by

baohoang037
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
0 views20 pages

#13. Crystal Properties

The document provides an introduction to semiconductor devices, focusing on semiconductor materials and crystal lattice structures. It explains the properties of semiconductors, their conductivity variations, and categorizes them into single-element and compound types. Additionally, it discusses the periodic structures of crystal lattices, including types of solids and the characteristics of cubic lattices.

Uploaded by

baohoang037
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 20

Introduction to

Semiconductor Devices
Crystal Properties

1
Outline
 Semiconductor Materials
 Crystal Lattices

2
Objective

 Introduction to Semiconductor Materials.


 Studying Crystal Lattice: Periodic Structures, Cubic Lattice, Planes and Directions of
Lattice.

3
1. Semiconductor Materials

 Semiconductors are a group of materials having electrical conductivities intermediate between


metals and insulators.
 It is significant that the conductivity of these materials can be varied over orders of magnitude
by changes in temperature, optical excitation, and impurity content.
 This variability of electrical properties makes the semiconductor materials natural choices for
electronic device investigations.

4
1. Semiconductor Materials

Table 1: Common
semiconductor materials:
(a) Single-element
semiconductors in periodic
table; (b) Compound
semiconductors.

5
1. Semiconductor Materials

 Single-element semiconductors are silicon (Si), germanium (Ge) and Tin (Sn) from column IV;
arsenic (As) from column V; selenium (Se), tellurium (Te) from column VI.
 Compound semiconductors are combinations from column III and column V atoms, from
column II and column VI, and from IV; such as gallium arsenide (GaAs), indium phosphide
(InP), gallium nitride (GaN) are also commonly used.
 Silicon is the most commonly used semiconductor.

6
2. Crystal Lattices

2.1 Periodic Structures


 A matter is constructed from atoms.
 A crystalline solid (or crystal) is made up from atoms arranged in a periodic fashion in three
dimensions ( crystal lattice).

7
2. Crystal Lattices

2.1 Periodic Structures


 03 types of Solids:
• Single crystal has an atomic structure that repeats periodically across its whole volume.
• Polycrystalline are composed of many crystallites of varying size and orientation.
• Amorphous is composed of randomly orientated atoms which do not arranged in a periodic
fashion.

(a) Crystalline (b) Polycrystalline (c)


Amorphous
8
2. Crystal Lattices

2.1 Periodic Structures


 The periodicity in a crystal is defined in terms of a symmetric array of points in space called the
lattice.
 We can add atoms at each lattice point in an arrangement called a basis, which can be one
atom or a group of atoms having the same spatial arrangement, to get a crystal.

Basis + Lattice = Crystal Structure

9
2. Crystal Lattices

2.1 Periodic Structures


 The lattice contains a volume or cell that represents the entire lattice and is regularly repeated
throughout the crystal.
 Primitive vectors: a and b (and c if 3-D).
 Primitive cell is the smallest volume or cell
enclosed by the primitive vectors (ODEFN).
 Primitive translation vector: a new primitive cell
identical to the original is found.

and : integers

𝐓 =3 𝐚 +2 𝐛
10
2. Crystal Lattices

2.2 Cubic Lattices


 The unit cell of a cubic volume is the simplest three-dimensional lattice.
 03 types of cubic lattice:
• Simple cubic (sc): atoms located at each corner of the unit cell.
• Body-centered cubic (bcc): atoms at the eight corners and at the center of the cube.
• Face-centered cubic (fcc): atoms at the eight corners and centered on the six faces.

11
2. Crystal Lattices

2.3 Planes and Directions


 A particular plane can be found in the following steps:
• Step 1: Find the intercepts of the plane with the crystal axes and express these intercepts as
integral multiples of the basis vectors (the plane can be moved in and out from the origin,
retaining its orientation, until such an integral intercept is discovered on each axis).
• Step 2: Take the reciprocals of the three integers found in step 1 and reduce these to the
smallest set of integers h, k, and l (keep their ratio).
• Step 3: Label the plane (hkl). Note that for negative value.

12
2. Crystal Lattices

2.3 Planes and Directions


 Examples

Axis X Y Z
Intercept
Point
1 ∞ ∞
Reciprocals 1:1 1: ∞ 1: ∞
Smallest ratio 1 0 0

Miller Indices: (100)

13
2. Crystal Lattices

2.3 Planes and Directions


 Examples

Axis X Y Z
Intercept
Point
1 1 ∞
Reciprocals 1:1 1:1 1: ∞
Smallest ratio 1 1 0

Miller Indices: (110)

14
2. Crystal Lattices

2.3 Planes and Directions


 Examples

Axis X Y Z
Intercept
Point
1/2 1 ∞
Reciprocals 1 : (1/2) 1:1 1: ∞
Smallest ratio 2 1 0

Miller Indices: (210)

15
2. Crystal Lattices

2.3 Planes and Directions


 A direction in a lattice is expressed as a set of three smallest integers with the same
relationship as the components of a vector in that direction.

 Label the direction [] for positive value and [] for negative value.

16
2. Crystal Lattices

2.3 Planes and Directions


 Examples

17
2. Crystal Lattices

2.3 Planes and Directions


 Examples

18
Summary

Lecturer #13: Crystal Properties

1. Semiconductor Materials

2. Crystal Lattices

2.1 Periodic Structures

2.2 Periodic Structures

2.3 Periodic Structures

19
20

You might also like