PRACTICAL RESEARCH 2
Prepared by:
Christine Mae T. Roylo
•CONTENT STANDARD
•PERFORMANCE STAND
ARD
•LEARNING COMPETENC
Y
•SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES
CONTENT STANDARD
The learner demonstrates understanding of:
1. the range of research topics in the area of
inquiry
2. the value of research in the area of
interest
3. the specificity and feasibility of the
problem posed
PERFORMANCE
STANDARD
The learner is able to:
• formulate clearly the statement of
research problem
LEARNING COMPETENCY
The learner:
1. designs a research useful in daily
life
2. writes a research title
3. describes background of research
4. states research questions
REVIEW
DISCUSSION
WRITING THE
RESEARCH PAPER
Research Title
Background of the Study
Research Problem and Question
How to proceed in writing?
When writing a reserch paper, bear in mind the
following:
What issue am I What are the possible
interested in claims that I may have in
researching? this issue?
Why am I interested in
this issue? How can I gather
evidences to support my
assumptions/claims about
this issue?
Who are involved in this
issue?
How to proceed in writing?
Take note of the following when writing the initial parts of the
study
Determi
ne topic Formulat
of Provide a e Formulat
Conduct Write a
interest/ backgroun research ea
initial research
Researc d of the stateme hypothes
readings title
h study nt and is
problem question
Step 1. Determine the topic of
interest
In identifying the a possible research problem,
Creswell(2012) suggests questions that a researcher
may ask:
What was the issue/problem, or controversy that
needs to be addressed?
What controversy leads to a need for this study?
What was the concern being addressed behind this
study ?
Step 1. Determine the topic of
interest
TOPIC A subject matther addressed by a study
Focused on a single topic; not to
Specific
broad
Measurabl
Involves numeric data and statistics
e
Attainable Can be accomplished at a given time
Results- Can yield results and answer
Focused questions
Timely Must be relevant to current situation
Step 1. Determine the topic of interest
The following steps are followed when a topic is developed"
Choose a GENERAL topic of interest
Add a layer of SPECIFICITY to topic by obtaining background information
on said topic
Identify ADDITIONAL specifics of your topic
Choose a particular perspectives or issues on the topic and identify
variables to link in it
Write a problem statement
Formulate a working title
Step 1. Determine the topic of interest
Step 3. Writing the research title
When writing
research title, Characteristics that must follow in writing
what should I research title:
follow?
Targets of the research
Methodologies used
Results and conclusions
Recommendations for future research
Areas for further research
Step 3. Writing the research title
What are the
characteristic of
writing a Summarize the main idea of the paper
research title?
Be a concise statement of the main topic
Show the relationship of the main variables of
the study
Include the main task of the researcher about the
major variables
Mention the general participants and setting
Step 3. Writing the research title
What are the In formulating the title, the researcher
things that I should avoid using words that serve no
must keep in my
mind? useful purpose and can mislead
indexers.
investigati
methods results study
on
redundant
In many cases, the general problem or
even the specific question that the
researcher intends to answer, when
written in statement form can serve
as the title.
Step 4.Provide
Providean overview of the research
a background of the
study
What are the When writing the introduction/background
contents of the of the study, the researcher must bear in
Background of
the Study? mind the following:
What is the rationale of the research problem?
What is the setting of the research problem?
Initial What is the basic literature foundation of the
readings study?
How serious is the chosen research problem?
What is the general objective and overall purpose
of the research problem?
Step 5. Formulate research statement and
question
RESEARCH PROBLEM
STATEMENT
A general statement that encompasses the main
objectives and purpose of conducting the study
RESEARCH QUESTION
Question anchored to the research problem that the
researcher aims to answer at the end of the study
Specific area/concept in the research problem that needs
clarification
STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
Research Title: Level of Awareness and Acceptance
of COVID-19 Vaccine among Grade 12 Students
• General Objective • Specific Objectives
This study aims to determine 1. What is the level of awareness in
the Level of Awareness and COVID-19 Vaccine among Grade
Acceptance of COVID-19 Vaccine 12 students?
among Grade 12 Students 2. What is the level of acceptance
in COVID-19 Vaccine among
Grade 12 students?
Step 5. Formulate research statement and
question
When writing
the statement
MAIN TASKS What to do with the variables ?
of the problem,
what must be
MAIN/MAJOR VARIABLES INVOLVED bear in mind?
PARTICIPANTS Subjects/respondents
THE SPECIFIC SETTING
COVERAGE DATE of the conduct of the
study
From when, until when
INTENDED OUTPUTS
Step 5. Formulate research statement and
question
When writing
research Research questions must meet the
questions, what
should I bear in
following criteria:
my mind?
They must be in question form
They must define the population and sample of
the study
They must identify the variables being tested
They must be empirically tested
Must be in accordance with the research design
Step 6. Formulate a Hypothesis
HYPOTHE An assumption about a population
SIS parameter which may or may not be true.
Examples:
1.Does the mean height of Grade 11 students differ from 66
inches?
2. Is the proportion of senior male student’s height
significantly higher than the senior female students?
Null Hypothesis and Alternative Hypothesis
Null Hypothesis
• It is denoted by H0
• It is the initial claim
• It shows no significant difference, no changes, nothing
happened, no relationship between two parameters
• The independent has no effect on dependent variable
• H0: µ1 ≠ µ2, H0: µ1 > µ2, H0: µ1 < µ2
Alternative Hypothesis
• It is denoted by HA or H1
• It is the contrary to the null hypothesis
• It shows that there is significant difference, an effect, changes,
relationship between two parameters
• The independent has an effect on dependent variable
• HA: µ1= µ2
Example
The average age of tricycle drivers in President Quirino is 39 years
old.
H0: µ ≠ 39
HA: µ = 39
The average number of calories of low-calorie meal is 300.
H0: µ ≠ 300
HA: µ = 300
The school record claims that the mean score in Math of the
incoming Grade 11 students is 81.1. the teacher wishes to find out
if the claim is true. She test if there is a significant difference
between the batch mean score and the mean score of her students
in the class.
QUIZ
TITLE INDEPENDE DEPENDE GENERAL SPECIFIC HO
NT NT OBJECTIV OBJECTIV
VARIABLE VARIABLE E E
THE EFFICACY OF
Citrus reticulata PEEL
AQUEOUS EXTRACT AS
Culicidae LARVICIDE
EFFECTIVENESS OF
Musa acuminata x
balbisiana AS AN
ALTERNATIVE ORGANIC
FERTILIZER TO Vigna
radiata GROWTH
A COMPARATIVE STUDY
OF CHARCOAL
BRIQUETTES AND
TRADITIONAL
CHAPTER I - INTRODUCTION
Background of the Study
Statement of the Problem
Hypothesis
Significance of the Study
Scope and Delimitation
Definition of Terms
BACKGROUND OF THE
STUDY
1. The background of the study establishes the
context of the research. This section explains
why this particular research topic is important
and essential to understanding the main
aspects of the study. Usually, the background
forms the first section of a research
study/thesis/dissertation and justifies the
need for conducting the study and
summarizes what the study aims to
achieve.
BACKGROUND OF THE
STUDY
2. In this section, the author usually
outlines the historical developments
in the literature that led to the current
topic of research concisely. If the study
is interdisciplinary, it should describe
how different disciplines are connected
and what aspects of each discipline will
be studied.
BACKGROUND OF THE
STUDY
3. Additionally, authors should briefly
highlight the main developments
of their research topic and identify
the main gaps that need to be
addressed. In
other words, this section should give an
overview of your study. The section
should be organized as:
BACKGROUND OF THE
STUDY
3.1. What is known about the broad topic?
3.2. What are the gaps or missing links that
need to be addressed?
3.3. What is the significance of addressing
those gaps?
3.4. What are the rationale and hypothesis
of your study?
BACKGROUND OF THE
STUDY
The background section, therefore, should
provide general information about the
topic of your research and emphasizes the
main aims of the study. Please ensure that
you only discuss the main and relevant
aspects of the studies that have led to
your aims. Do not elaborate on them as
this should be done in the literature review
section.
BACKGROUND OF THE
STUDY
The background section should discuss
your findings in a chronological
manner to accentuate the progress in the
field and the missing points that need to be
addressed. The background should be
written as a summary of your
interpretation of previous research
and what your study proposes to
accomplish.
Formulate research statement and question
RESEARCH PROBLEM
STATEMENT
A general statement that encompasses the main
objectives and purpose of conducting the study
RESEARCH QUESTION
Question anchored to the research problem that the
researcher aims to answer at the end of the study
Specific area/concept in the research problem that needs
clarification
STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
Research Title: Level of Awareness and Acceptance
of COVID-19 Vaccine among Grade 12 Students
• General Objective • Specific Objectives
This study aims to determine 1. What is the level of awareness in
the Level of Awareness and COVID-19 Vaccine among Grade
Acceptance of COVID-19 Vaccine 12 students?
among Grade 12 Students 2. What is the level of acceptance
in COVID-19 Vaccine among
Grade 12 students?
STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
Research Title: ATTITUDE, ACADEMIC PERFORMANCE AND
DIFFICULTIES ENCOUNTERED BY THE SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL
STUDENT-RESEARCHERS IN PRACTICAL RESEARCH: BASIS
FOR INTERVENTION PLAN
• Specific Objectives
• General Objective
More specifically, this study sought to
Genarally, the action research answer the following problems:
entitled “ATTITUDE, ACADEMIC 1. What is the academic performance of the
PERFORMANCE AND DIFFICULTIES students in Practical Research?
ENCOUNTERED BY THE SENIOR HIGH 2. What are the difficulties encountered by the
SCHOOL STUDENT-RESEARCHERS IN student-researchers in Practical Research?
PRACTICAL RESEARCH: BASIS FOR 3. What is the attitude of the students towards
INTERVENTION PLAN” aims to Practical Research?
determine the difficulties 4. What is the proposed intervention plan by
encountered by Grade XI students- the subject teachers handling Practical
researchers in Practical Research . Research subject to improve the academic
performance of the students?
Step 6. Formulate a Hypothesis
HYPOTHE An assumption about a population
SIS parameter which may or may not be true.
A hypothesis is not just a guess — it
should be based on existing theories and
knowledge. It also has to be testable, which
means you can support or refute it through
scientific research methods (such as
experiments, observations and statistical
analysis of data).
The null hypothesis for this study is:
H0: There is no significant relationship
between attitude, difficulties encountered in
Practical Research subject to the academic
performance of the Senior High School
student-researchers.
The school record claims that the
mean score in Math of the incoming
Grade 11 students is 81.1. The teacher
wishes to find out if the claim is true.
She test if there is a significant
difference between the batch mean
score and the mean score of her
students in the class.
Significance of the Study
1.Significance of study is one of the important sections in your
research paper because it explains the importance of the study
as well as its potential benefits to the society or environment.
It describes why the study is worth performing.
2. You can first outline the significance in a broader sense by
stating how your research will contribute to the broader problem
in your field and gradually narrow it down to demonstrate the
specific group that will benefit from your research. While writing
the significance of your study, you must answer questions like:
Why should your research be published?
How will this study contribute to the development of your field?
Significance of the Study Sample
Any investigation made is done for some reasons.
The result of this study significantly benefits the
following group of people:
Students. The Grade XI students are the primary group
that will benefit the results of this study. This will
determine their difficulties in conducting a research.
Senior High Curriculum. It gives an insights and basis
in formulating guidelines on how to deal with Practical
Research subject. This will serve as the basis for
intervention whatever problems may encounter in the
future.
Scope and Delimitation
Scope and limitations are two terms that address
the details of a research project. The term scope
refers to the problem or issue that the researcher
wants to study with the project. Limitations is the
term used for constraints that impact the
researcher's ability to effectively study the scope of
the project.
SCOPE AND
DELIMITATION
In writing the scope and delimitation of your study, you are also asking the
basic profile questions of your research. The following are the components
of the scope and delimitation of the study but not limited to:
Topic of the Study
What are the variables to be included and excluded?
Objectives or Problems to be
Addressed
Why are you doing this study?
Time Frame
When are you going to conduct this study?
SCOPE AND
DELIMITATION
In writing the scope and delimitation of your study, you are also asking the
basic profile questions of your research. The following are the components
of the scope and delimitation of the study but not limited to:
Local of the Study
Where are you going to gather your
data?
Characteristics of the
respondents
Who will be your respondents?
Methods and Research
Instruments
How are you going to gather the data?
The main objective of this study is to provide information
about students’ knowledge and perception of genetically
modified foods and their family health practices. The study
also includes the student’s personal information and
occupation of their parents and siblings. This study is
limited to the 120 Grade 12 Male and Female enrolled in
the First Semester, School Year 2023-2024 of President
Quirino National High School . Each of the respondents is
given questionnaire to answer. The students selected came
from six different sections to prevent subjective perceptions
using simple random sampling.
A term may have two definitions:
CONCEPTUAL OPERATIONAL
DEFINITION DEFINITION
Refers to the
basic/common definition Refers to the meaning of
of a particular word: word based on how it is
tells readers what a used in the research
certain word/phrase content.
means.
The most common/usual Meaning may be
definition: found in different from the usual
dictionaries definition
DEFINITION OF TERMS
Definition of Terms
1.Defining important terms is essential to ensure a common
understanding of key concepts and terminology is shared
between the author and his or her audience, particularly if
the term is unusual or not widely known.
2. In general, important terms only need to be defined in two
cases: a) when the term is not widely known or understood,
and b) when the term has specific or unique meaning in the
context of the study, and it is essential that the reader of the
research understand this specific meaning.
Definition of Terms
3. Definitions of specific concepts and terminology should be
grounded (whenever possible) by peer-reviewed sources that
support the definition. This helps a great deal to rationalize
terminology and understanding, and connects your language to
common usage of terminology within the field. It is also a good
idea to alphabetize definitions to make it easier for readers to
navigate quickly to the term they need to understand.
4. Acronyms also need to be defined clearly. While in the
process of developing a research, students are usually deeply
immersed in their topic and the details, including the common
acronyms around the topic. It is easy to forget that the audience
of readers may have no clue what a particular acronym means,
particularly in the context of the study.
Definition of Terms
The following terms relevant in this study were defined operationally to facilitate
better understanding:
Academic Performance refers to the students’ scholastic performance during the semester in
Practical Research I subject.
Attitude refers to the behavior of the students towards Practical Research.
Difficulties refers to the hardships and challenges encountered by the Senior High School
students in the research subject.
Intervention Plan refers to the activity that will be conducted by the teacher to improve the
academic performance of the learners in Practical Research subject.
