Researched By wauyo Fred 2015 and 2016

DATA COMMUNICATION
AND NETWORK
CHAPTER - 1
1 Compile by Wauyo Fred
[email protected]
WHAT IS DATA COMMUNICATION?
 Electronic transmission of information that has been
encoded digitally with some standard from one
network (systems) to other network (systems) via
certain medium, knows as Data Communication.
 Elements of Data Communication;
 Information / Data
 Digital encoded
 Transfer of data / sender and receiver
 Specific medium

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WHAT IS NETWORK?
 A computer network often simply referred to as a
network, is a collection of hardware components,
which are interconnected by communication channels
that allow sharing of resources and information with
respect to certain set of rules / protocols via OS /
software.
 Elements of Network;
 Hardware equipments
 Network OS / software
 Communication channel
 Information / Data / Recourse
 Protocols

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TERMINOLOGIES
 Data transmission process between sender and
receiver is refer to data communication, and deployed
physical environment (hardware / software /
protocols / channel ) is network.

 Data: digital information over computer / network,

which may define with certain type of file extension;
like .doc, .ppt, .pdf, .exe, and etc. File extension
dominate nature of data file

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Resource: all sharable / accessible items over
network, which may physical / virtual, knows as
resource.
physical resource - may be hard drive, printer, servers
and etc.
virtual resource - may be data files, online application,
web site, internet and etc.
Share Resource: a shared resource or network share is
a device / piece of information means file / software or
application, on a computer that can be remotely
accessed from another computer.

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Channel: communication channel is a medium on
which resource can be access over network and
establish connectivity between sender and receiver.
Channel speed / network speed is depends upon
bandwidth.
bandwidth - channel capacity known as bandwidth.
There are two types of channels;
physical channel like; network cable, fiber
optic, electrical wire, and etc.
logical or virtual channel like; wireless, radio
frequency, Wi-Fi, Wi-Max, and Bluetooth

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Protocols: a communications protocol is a system of
digital message formats and rules for exchanging
those messages in or between computer systems and
in network / telecommunications.
Protocols regulate the following characteristics of a
network: access method, allowed physical topologies,
types of cabling, and speed of data transfer.
Protocols may include signaling, authentication, error
detection method, and network policies.
A protocol can be implement at hardware or software
or both, and with respect to assignment these are
implemented like; for web http, for security SSL, for
email POP3 / SMTP, for LAN network Ethernet, for
routing BGP / RIP, etc.

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Digital Encryption: Encryption is the process of
transforming information / data using an algorithm to
make it unreadable to anyone (except those possessing
special knowledge, usually referred to as a key).
The result of the process is encrypted information and
the reverse process, i.e. to make the encrypted
information readable again is referred to as decryption.

algorithm – set of steps for assembling / reassembling

of data with respect to define network technology.

Types of digital encryption;

Software Based Encryption – a software program to
facilitate encryption process on data / file with respect
to 256-bit AES / 448-bit Blowfish algorithms. Hardware is
only responsible to deliver encrypted file to other end
computer where again via software program file may be
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decrypt for original data / file.
Drawbacks
all encryption perform on data / file during file transfer.
data / file size is also increase with addition of certain
algorithms.
security risk for confidentiality documents.
Hardware Based Encryption – all data intensive
encryption tasks are done onboard storage device,
rather than on file, by this file size remain standard with
maximum speed. Most important factor is hardware
security protocols which are only configure same end
device
Hardware encryption is also apply with specialize
network equipment.
Drawbacks
higher cost of equipments

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Network Hardware: all equipments / devices which
may be used on network and facilitate for resource
sharing and data connectivity like; router, switch,
firewall, and servers etc.
Network Software: specialize software / OS which may
establish logical connectivity, authentication, and
management of network, commonly built-in with
operating system. Some are like; teamviewer, skype,
etc

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Sender: a computer / device from which data / files
are send to specific destination.

Receiver a computer / device at which data / files are

received by source.

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DATA TRANSMISSION
 Data transmission is the physical transfer of data over
a point-to-point or point-to-multipoint channel.
Data transmission is a subset of the field of data
communications, which also includes computer
networking or computer communication applications
and networking protocols, for example routing and
switching.
 Point – to –point : In telecommunications a point-to-
point connection refers to a communications
connection between two nodes or endpoints.
 Point – to –multipoint : refers to communication which
is accomplished via a specific and distinct type of one-
to-many connection

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DATA COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUES
Serial Transmission - is the process of sending data one
bit at a time, in sequentially, over a communication
channel / computer bus. A data channel that transfers
digital data in a serial mode, one bit after the other over
one wire, with start and stop bit.

Serial interfaces may have multiple lines, but only one

line is used for data. On earlier PCs, the serial port was a
serial interface for attaching modems and data
acquisition terminals, and sometimes mouse.

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Parallel Transmission - is a method of sending several
data signals simultaneously over several parallel
channels.

In parallel transmission, multiple bits (usually 8 bits or a

byte/character) are sent simultaneously on different
channels (wires, frequency channels) within the same
cable, or radio path, and synchronized to a clock. Due to
multi channels lines in parallel transmission, it may
comparatively fast as serial transmission.

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Transmission Characteristic - The advantages, limitations
and typical applications of parallel and serial transmission
methodologies are summarized in chart;

Transmission Serial Parallel

Characteristic

Transmission One bit comes after another, one by All bits in a single character and
description one transmit simultaneously

Comparative Speed Slower Faster

Distance Limitation Farther Shorter

Application Between two computer, from Within a computer the along

computer to external devices, and computer buses, between drive
local and wide network controller to hard drive
Cable Description All bits travel down in single wire, Each bit travel down its own wire
one bit at one time simultaneously with other bits

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DATA COMMUNICATION CHANNELS
There are three data communication channels like;
Simplex communication- refers to communication that
occurs in one direction only. Examples radio broadcast,
keyboard / mouse inputs to CPU, internet multicast, and
one – lane and one side road only.

Half duplex communication - system provides

communication in both directions, but only one direction
at a time (not simultaneously). Typically, once a party
begins receiving a signal, it must wait for the transmitter
to stop transmitting, before replying. Examples walkie-
talkie, one-lane road with traffic controllers at each end.
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Full duplex communication- sometimes called double-
duplex system allows communication in both directions
simultaneously. Virtually no collisions take place on a
full-duplex transmission. Perhaps a bigger benefit is the
increase in overall throughput- since we are sending and
receiving on two different channels, we just theoretically
doubled our data transfer rate. Examples landline /
mobile phone, two way double side road.

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DATA COMMUNICATION MODES
Data communication modes define behavior of data flow
during communication which is based on interval of time.

When devices are communicating, they must be know when

ever data has to send or receive (in period of time). The two
devices must establish and maintain some type of timing
between them so that signals are produced, transmitted,
and detected accurately.

There are two main alternatives to establishing and

maintaining the timing for the sampling of the signals.
These two timing alternatives are known as asynchronous
and synchronous, also known as data communication
modes.

Data Link Layer : all synchronization occurs on the data link

layer (2nd layer of TCP/IP), where the data in form of
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frame.
Asynchronous communication- The transmission of data
in which each character is a self-contained unit with its
own start and stop bits. Intervals between characters
may be irregular.

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 Start bit inform that transmission has to start with
binary value of “0”.
 Stop bit inform to equipment that transmission has
been stop with binary value of “1”.
 When no character is being transmitted, the line between transmitter
and receiver is in an idle state (binary 1 level).
 A minimum length for the stop element is specified, and
this is usually 1, 1.5, or 2 times the duration of an ordinary bit.
 Data contain may be 5 -8 character bits.

Parity bit : Character bit may include parity bit, set by the
transmitter such that the total number of ones in the character,
including the parity bit, is even (even parity) or odd (odd parity). The
receiver uses this bit for error detection.

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 There are two types of parity bit
even parity bit
odd parity bit
Even parity bit - when using even parity, the parity bit is
set to 1 if the number of ones in a given set of bits (not
including the parity bit) is odd, making the number of
ones in the entire set of bits (including the parity bit)
even. If the number of ones in a given set of bits is
already even, it is set to a 0.
an even parity bit will be set to "1" if the number of 1s + 1 is
even
Odd parity bit - when using odd parity, the parity bit is
set to 1 if the number of ones in a given set of bits (not
including the parity bit) is even, keeping the number of
ones in the entire set of bits (including the parity bit)
odd. And when the number of set bits is already odd, the
odd parity bit is set to 0.
an odd parity bit will be set to "1" if the number of 1s +1 is
odd 21
 at end of transmission no maximum value is specified, because
the stop element is the same as the idle state, the transmitter will
continue to transmit the stop element until it is ready to send the next
character.

Synchronous communication- The transmission of data in

block set and time intervals between characters may be
regular.

 each block of data is formatted as a frame that includes a starting and

an ending flag, and is transmitted in a steady stream without start and
stop codes.

Clock speed : time interval (clock speed) must be synchronized,

to prevent timing drift between transmitter and receiver; 22
can use separate clock line
embed clock signal in data
By adding clock line – add specific time of break
between sender and receiver.
By adding clock signal – add clock information in frame.

 In synchronous transmission, there is another level of

synchronization required, to allow the receiver to determine the
beginning and end of a block of data.

 each block begins with a preamble bit pattern (opening flag) and
generally ends with a post-amble bit pattern (closing flag).

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preamble bit – The preamble is a 64-bit (8 byte) field that
contains a synchronization pattern consisting of
alternating ones and zeros and ending with two
consecutive ones. After synchronization is established,
the preamble is used to locate the first bit of the packet.
The preamble is generated by the LAN interface card.

post-amble bit – commonly used end of synchronous

transmission.

Control bit : start control bit contain destination MAC,

source MAC, and protocol; and similar stop control bit
contain CRC information.

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Comparison - some comparison between asynchronous
communication and Synchronous communication as
follow;

Characteristic Asynchronous Synchronous

Transmission Used serial communication Used parallel communication

techniques
Comparative capacity Data transmit one character at Data transmit block (bunch of
one time character) at one time
Distance limitation Farther (long) Shorter

Sync method Start and stop bit Clock speed

Comparative speed Low speed due to serial More efficient due to parallel
transmission transmission
Costing Simple and cheap Much cost due to mechanism

Bandwidth loss 20% to 30% over capacity 5% over capacity

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DATA COMMUNICATION PORTS
For interconnection with other device every data
communication device have specific port / interface, by
data communication mechanism two types of ports are
available;

Serial port- a serial port is a serial communication

physical interface through which information transfers in
or out one bit at a time.
Serial port available in DB-9, DB-25 and Mini Din-8
(apple format);
DB-9 DB-25 Mini Din-8
male male male

female female female

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DB- 9 – DB-9 also known as RS-422, pin configuration as
follows;

DB- 25 – DB -25 also know as RS-232, pin configuration as

follows;

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Mini Din -8 – Din-8 also known as RS-422, pin
configuration as follows;

Note : serial port commonly used in old mouse port, game

controller, modem port and some old printers.
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Parallel port- a parallel port is a parallel communication
physical interface. It is also known as a printer port or
centronics port.

Parallel port is standard of IBM known as (DB-25) 25-pin

combinations. Some available speed of parallel ports;
oBi-directional – 150 Kbps
oEPP – 1.5 Mbps
oECP – 2.5 Mbps
oEPP PCI – 4.5 Mbps

Before the advent of USB, the parallel interface was

adapted to access a number of peripheral devices other
than printers. List are bellow here;
Hardware dongles, Zip drives, Scanners, Webcam,
External modem, Sound card, External HDD and CD Rom

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DB- 25 – DB-25 standard of IEEE 1284 as printer port;

Centronics – port with 36-pins interface;

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USB - Universal Serial Bus is also serial port with high
speed data flow.

USB 1.0 with speed of 1.5 Mbps

USB 1.1 with speed of 12 Mbps
USB 2.0 with speed of 480 Mbps
USB 3.0 with speed of 5 Gbps (Super Speed)

USB 1 USB 2 USB 3

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USB - Data Transfer Rate Comparison

USB Revision USB1.0 USB2.0 USB3.0

Media (Data Size) Transfer Time

Song / Pic (4 MB) 5.3 sec 0.1 sec 0.01 sec

256 Flash (256

MB)
5.7 min 8.5 sec 0.8 sec

USB Flash (1 GB) 22 min 33 sec 3.3 sec

SD-Movie (6 GB) 2.2 hr 3.3 min 20 sec

USB Flash (16

GB)
5.9 hr 8.9 min 53.3 sec

HD-Movie (25GB) 9.3 hr 13.9 min 70 sec 32

SIGNALS AND SYSTEM
A signal is an electric current or electromagnetic field
used to convey data from one place to another.

The simplest form of signal is a direct current (DC) that is

switched on and off; this is the principle by which the
early telegraph worked. More complex signals consist of
an alternating-current (AC) or electromagnetic carrier
that contains one or more data streams.

Data is superimposed on a carrier current or wave by

means of a process called modulation. Signal modulation
can be done in either of two main ways: analog and
digital.

Note : In recent years, digital modulation has been getting

more common, while analog modulation methods have
been used less and less. There are still plenty of analog 33
signals around, however, and they will probably never
become totally extinct.
There are three data transmissions core aspect;

Data – Actual information being sent / received, possibly

Analog (continuous) or digital (discrete).
Analog Data – Takes on continuous values. Ex. Voice or
video
Digital Data – Takes on discrete values. Ex. Text and
integers

Signal - Electronic or electromagnetic representation of

data, possibly Analog or digital.
Analog Signal – Continuously varying electromagnetic
wave representing data carried over a variety of
medium.
Digital Signal – Sequence of voltage pulses representing
data transmitted over a wire medium

Transmission – Communication of data by sending /

receiving, and processing data. 34
Analog Transmission – Communication of analog signals
Digital Transmission – Communication of digital signals
Analog Signals - An analog signal is any continuous
signals for which the time is variable of the signal.

Digital Signals - A digital signal is a physical signal that

is a representation of a sequence of discrete values.

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Comparison - some comparison between analog and
digital signals as follow;

Characteristic Analog Digital

Number of range Analog signals can have an Digital signals can have only a
infinite number of values in a limited number of values (1 / 0)
range
Type of data Continuous Discrete

Value of data More exact values, but Not as exact as analog, but
more difficult to work with easier to work with
Wave types Sing waves Square waves
Type of value Negative / positive Positive
Medium Wire / un-wire Wire
Device Amplifier for signals boosting Repeater for signals regenerating
(noise also be amplify) (noise isn’t boost)
Security Non-encryption Encryption
Capacity / Bandwidth Low High

Examples Voice, video, file format on tape, Text, integers, images, computer
Radio / TV transmission waves format files (CD, HDD) 36
Analog Signal Example - Telephones take sound
vibrations and turn them into electrical vibrations of the
same shape before they are transmitted over traditional
telephone lines. Radio wave transmissions work in the
same way. Computers, which handle data in digital form,
require modems to turn signals from digital to analog
before transmitting those signals over communication
lines such as telephone lines that carry only analog
signals. The signals are turned back into digital form
(demodulated) at the receiving end so that the
computer can process the data in its digital format.

Digital Signal Example - This is the principle behind

compact discs (CDs). The music itself exists in an analog
form, as waves in the air, but these sounds are then
translated into a digital form that is encoded onto the
disk. When you play a compact disc, the CD player reads
the digital data, translates it back into its original analog
form, and sends it to the amplifier and eventually the 37
speakers.