ABSTRACT

The intensive development of agriculture means

that more and more toxic organic and inorganic
compounds are entering the environment. Because
of their widespread use, stability, selective toxicity
and bio accumulation, pesticides are among the
most toxic substances contaminating the
environment. They are particularly dangerous in
fruit and vegetables, by which people are exposed
to them. It is therefore crucial to monitor pesticide
residues in fruit and vegetables using all available
analytical methods. We present results from the

PRESENCE OF
literature in the context of Maximum Residue Levels
(MRLs) of target pesticides in fruit and vegetables
samples. We also discuss about the presence of
pesticide and insecticide in fruit and vegetables.

PESTICIDES Prepared By – Jyotismat Raul

Guided By – Dr. Arushi A. Pradhan

IN FRUITS
AND
VEGETABLES
 CONTENTS

1. Abstract
2. Introduction
3. Effects on Environment
4. Theory
5. History
6. Classification
A) Herbicides
B) Fungicides
C) Rodenticides
D) Insecticides
7. Alternative in pest control
8. Requirements
9. Chemistry experiments procedure
10. Observation
11. Conclusion
12. Bibliography
ABSTRACT:-
The intensive development of agriculture means that
more and more toxic organic and inorganic compounds are
entering the environment. Because of their widespread use,
stability, selective toxicity and bio accumulation, pesticides
are among the most toxic substances contaminating the
environment. They are particularly dangerous in fruit and
vegetables, by which people are exposed to them. It is
therefore crucial to monitor pesticide residues in fruit and
vegetables using all available analytical methods. We present
results from the literature in the context of Maximum Residue
Levels (MRLs) of target pesticides in fruit and vegetables
samples. We also discuss about the presence of pesticide and
insecticide in fruit and vegetables.
INTRODUCTION:-
Pesticides are a numerous and diverse group of
chemical compounds, which are used to eliminate pests in
agriculture and households. They enable the quantities and
the quality of crop s and food to be controlled, and help to
limit the many human diseases transmitted by insect or
rodent vector. However, despite their many merits, pesticides
are some of the most
toxic;
environmentally
stable and mobile
substances in
the environment.
Their excessive use
has a deleterious
effect
on humans and
the environment;
their presence in
food is particularly
dangerous.
With
their environmental stability, ability to bio accumulate
and toxicity, pesticides may place the human body at greater
risk
of disease and poisoning. Pesticides enter the
environment in various forms (e.g., powders, moistened
powders, powders for preparing aqueous solutions, and
concentrates for making up emulsions or sprays).
 Pesticides are of enormous importance in increasing
the yields and quality of agricultural products. They are used
to:
 Control the numbers of pests destroying whole plants
or their parts;
 Increase the production of animal and plant biomass;
 Combat micro-organisms causing farm produce to rot
and to decay;
 Combat algae, bacteria, fungi and weeds;
 Kill harmful organisms in farm buildings, the home,
hospitals, stores and vehicles.
 The widespread use of pesticides not only contaminates
water, soil, and air, but also causes them to accumulate
in crops (e.g., fruit and vegetables).Pesticides are
transported mainly by rain and wind from their points of
application to neighbouring crops and land, where their
presence may be undesirable or harmful. The quantities
of pesticides in any particular region depend to a large
extent on the intensity of pesticide. Application and the
types of crops grown there. Combat animal pests
damaging crops (e.g., mites, aphids, insects, Larvae, and
nematodes);
 Stimulate or inhibit plant-growth processes (e.g. remove
excess flowers, destroy foliage or dry out plants)
 Make possible the action of other substances;
counteract growths on boats and ships; and,
 Combat animal pests damaging crops (e.g., mites,
aphids, insects, Larvae, and nematodes);
EFFECTS ON ENVIRONMENT:-
Pesticides have many advantages, but they also do much
harm to the environment. In view of both positive and
negative effects of pesticides; we should aim to achieve full
selectivity of their action. Nonetheless, the latest studies
show that pesticides still constitute a hazard to the
environment and human health.
Each year, 140,000 tons of pesticides are sprayed onto
crops in the European Union (EU) alone. Fruit and vegetables
are the crops most likely to be contaminated by
pesticides, particularly grapes, citrus fruits and potatoes.

According to data from the EUs Pesticide Action

Network, as of 2008, some 350 different pesticides were
detected in food produced in the EU. More than 5% of
products contained pesticides at levels exceeding the EU s
maximum permitted level (MPL). The diversity of their
chemical structures, actions and the diversity of their
chemical structures, actions and The diversity of their
chemical structures, actions and which they can be
categorized:
(1) Toxicity;
(2) Purpose of application;
(3) Chemical structure;
(4) Environmental stability; and,
(5) The pathways by which they penetrate target organisms.

Structurally, they can be divided into inorganic and organic

compounds; inorganic include arsenic insecticides,

the
fluoride insecticides, inorganic herbicides inorganic
fungicides, while organic and organochlorine,
the
organophosphorus comprise
and organonitrogen pesticides.
Organophosphorus pesticides (OPPs) (e.g., dichlorvos, methyl
parathion, chloropyriphous, diazinon, demeton S-methyl,
phosalone, fonofos, metamidofos, monocrotophos,
chlorfenvinphos, fenitrothion, Malathion) are the principal
group of compounds used to protect plants.
They include all organic compounds containing phosphorus
and are used to combat pests in industrial plantations,
orchards and vegetable cultivation. OPPs usually have an ester
structure, decomposing fairly easily on the surfaces and
interiors of plants, and in the soil. Their toxicity depends on
inhibiting the activity of enzymes controlling the functions of
the nervous system, mainly acetylcholinesterase. They

permanently bind the group hydroxylating the enzyme, which

prevents acetylcholinesterase from decomposing and act
through contact or systemically. Blockage of cholinesterase
activity causes the amount of acetylcholine at the synapses to
increase, leading to a state of hyperarousal, and paralysis of
the muscles and the main respiratory centre.
Apart from OPPs, Organonitrogen Pesticides (ONPs)
also play a major part in combating pests. ONPs
include phenylureas, carbamates, and triazines and their
derivatives (e.g., aminocarb, propoxur, carbonyl, simazine,
atrazine and propazine).Even though they are less stable in
the environment than OCPs, they can get into the human
digestive system, thus posing a health hazard.
Some carbamate insecticides can be teratogenic doses
and nitro sated to form strongly carcinogenic
nitrosocompounds.

OCPs, including Aldrin, chlordane, linden and DDT have

been withdrawn from use in many countries because they are
very toxic towards humans. But because of their considerable
stability in the environment (as long as 30 years), they may
still be present there and can be transported by air or water
over long distances. While ONPs and OPPs are not very toxic,
their improper application can also lead to their
Presence in farm produce (e.g., fruit and vegetables).Even
though they facilitate improvement in crop yields and quality,
they do pose a risk to consumers. That is why international
organizations have established maximum residue levels
(MRLs) of pesticides in food.
THEORY:-
In the decade, there has been a tremendous increase
in the guilds of various crops to meet the demand of our
growing world population. This great feat has been achieved
by adopting new methods of forming and by expensive use of
fertilizers and insecticides. A pesticide is any substance is
mixture of substance intended for preventing, destroying
repelling or mitigating any pest. A pesticide may be a chemical
substance, biological agent antimiobial disinfectant or device
used against any pest.
Pests includes insects, plant pathogens insects,
molluscs, birds, mammals, fish nematodes and microbus that
destroy property, spread disease or are a vector for
disease or cause a nuisance.
Although there are also drawbacks, such as potential to
humans and other animals. The term includes substances
intended for use as a plant growth. Farmers use insecticides
to
protect their crops from insect damage. In urban areas,
public health officials use them to fight mosquitos and that
insect carry germs. People use insecticides indoor to control
pests and ants and cockroaches.
HISTORY:-
Since before 20BC, humans have utilised pesticides
to protect their crops ; The first known pesticides was
elemental sulphur dusting used in ancient summer about
4500 years ago in ancient Mesopotamia. By the 15th century,
toxic chemicals such as arsenic, mercury and led being
applied sulphate was extracted from tobacco leaves for use
an insecticide. The 19th century saw the introduction of two
more natural pesticides, pyrethrum, which is derived from
chrysanthemums, rotenone which is derived from the root of
tropical vegetables.

In 1940s, manufacture began to produce large

amounts of synthetic pesticides and their use become
widespread. Some sources consider the 1940s &1950s to
have been the start of the “pesticides era”. Pesticide use has
increased 50 field since 1950 and 2.3 million tonnes of
pesticides are now used each year.

In 1960s, it was discovered that DDT was preventing

many fish eating birds from reproducing which was a serious
threat to bio-diversity. The agricultural use of DDT is now
leaned under the Stockholm convention, but it is still used in
some developing nations.
CLASSIFICATION:-
Pesticides classified according to the pests they control. The
four main types of pesticides are

A. Herbicides
Herbicides eliminates
plant threats grow where
they are not wanted.
Farmers use them to reduce
weeds in
such public areas
as parks
and ponds. People
use herbicides in their yards
to get rid of Crab grass,
Dandelions and other weeds.
B. Fungicides

Certain fungi cause

disease and may infect
both plants and animals
including human beings.
Fungicides control plant
diseases that infect food-
crops-wood used for
building houses in often
breated with
fungicides to prevent dry
not.

C. Rodenticides

Colloquially “rat poison” are typically non-specific pest

control chemicals made and sold for the purpose of killing
rodents. Some rodenticides are lethal after one exposure
while others require more than one. Rodents are disinclined
to gorge on an
unknown
food (perhaps
reflecting
Preferring to an sample,
adaptation
wait toobserve
their
and inability
whether to vomit),
it makes them
or other rats sick. This
phenomenon of bait
shyness or poison
shyness is the rationale
for poisons that kill
only after multiple
doses.
 Besides being directly toxic to the mammals that ingest
them, including dogs, cats, and humans, many rodenticides
present a secondary poisoning risk to animals that hunt or
scavenge the dead corpses of rats.

D. Insecticides
Farmers use insecticides to protect their crops from
insect damage. In Urban areas public health officials use them
to fight mosquitoes
and that insects carry
germs. People
use insecticides
indoor to control
pests and ants
and
cockroaches.
SURVEY REPORT ON USE OF PESTICIDES

Different types of foods that we eat everyday also contains

huge amount of mild toxic chemicals that impacts heavily on
long run.
Alternatives in Pest Control:-
Continuing problems arising from the wide spread use of
board spectrum insecticide creates a dilemma how best to
control pest and at the sometime how to remove
environmental hazards.
Restrictions on use of pesticides and the substitution of
pests on controlling use of pesticides is by far the best
method.
Restrictions can
mean
simply
more limited use
or total
banning or
chemicals. Many
countries
have limited or
banned the
use of DDT and
other
chlorinated
hydro
carbons
insecticide
but this group
of
chemicals is
widely used
mainly in the
third world
countries.
The US
department of
sterilizing and release programme are now major effects of
the US Department of agriculture and are highly effective in
restricted situations.

Control of insects by synthetic growth hormones is also

effective in limited situations but is better described as on
active area of biological research than a general alternative to
pesticide use. The technique use extracts of juvenile hormone
or their synthesized mimics.
REQUIREMENTS:-
1. Mortar
2. Pestle
3. Beakers
4. Funnel
5. Glass rod
6. Filter paper
7. China dish
8. Water bath
9. Tripod stand
10. Fusion-tubes
11. Knife
12. Test-tube
13. Samples of fruits & vegetables
14. Alcohol
15. Sodium metal
16. Ferric chloride solution
17. Ferrous sulphate crystals
18. Distilled water and
19. Dilute sulphuric acid.
Experiment Procedure:-
1. Heat a small piece of dry sodium in a fusion tubes, till it
melts. Then add Take different kinds of fruit and
vegetables and cut them into small piece separately.

2. Transfer the cut piece of various fruits and vegetables in

mortar separately and crush them.

3. Take different beaker of each kind of fruits and

vegetables and place the crushed fruit and vegetable in
these beakers, and add 10ml of alcohol to each or these.
Stir well and filter collect the filtrate in separate china
dishes.

4. Evaporate the alcohol by heating china dishes one by one

over water bath and let the residue dry in an oven.

5. One of the above residue from china dish to the fusion

tube and heat till red hot. Drop the hot fusion tube in
china dish containing about 110ml of distilled water.
Break the tube and boil the contents of the china dish for
about 5 minute to cool and filter solution. Collect the
filtrate.

6. To the filtrate add 1ml freshly prepared ferrous sulphate

solution and warm the contents. Then, add 2-3drops of
ferric chloride solution and acidity with the dil.
Hydrochloric acid if a blue or green precipitate or
colouration is obtained, it indicated the presence of
nitrogen containing insecticide.
7. Repeat the test of nitrogen for residue obtained from
other fruits and vegetable and record observation.
OBSERVATION:-

Serial Name of Test for Presence of

No. Fruit / Vegetable presence of
Nitrogen Insecticide /
Pesticide
1 Tomato + ve Yes
2 Grapes + ve Yes
3 Carrot - ve No
4 Potato + ve Yes

CONCLUSION:-
Thus from the above experiment we conclude that the
fruits and vegetables that we consume especially grapes,
tomato and potato contain nitrogen containing insecticides
and pesticides.
BIBLIOGRAPHY:-
1. www.encyclopedia.com
2. www.wikipedia.com
3. Britannica encyclopaedia
4. Practical manual in Chemistry for class XII

Jyotismat Raul
THE END