Earth's Internal
What is
Geosphere refers to the solid part of the
Geosphere?
Earth, including the rocks, minerals,
landforms, and the processes that
shape them. In this lesson, we will
explore the earth's layers and how the
plates of the earth move.
Layers of the Earth
Earth's Tectonic Plates
Life can be found almost anywhere on
Earth. However, as ubiquitous as life
may seem, not all parts of Earth can
house living organisms.
Life forms can only thrive in the layer of
Earth known as the crust.
What is the crust? What are the other
layers of Earth?
The Layers of the Earth
Crust Mantle Core
Earth's Crust
●The crust is the outermost layer of the
geosphere. It is made up mostly of solid
rocks and minerals, and is enriched in
silica and other components.
● is the thin outer shell of rock that forms
the top layer of the lithosphere. It consists
of two types: continental and oceanic,
TECTONIC PLATES
●The crust and the upper
part of the mantle make
up the lithosphere.
●This is broken up into
major sections called
tectonic plates.
Earth's Crust
Continental Crust Oceanic Crust
• The continental crust • The oceanic crust is
is the thicker layer of the thinner layer of
the Earth's crust that the Earth's crust that
is found under the is found under the
continents. It is about ocean basins or on
35 kilometers thick seafloor. It is about 7
on average. kilometers thick on
• has several features average.
including mountain • hosts features such
Earth's Crust Composition
Element Percentage
OXYGEN 46.60
SILICON 27.72
ALUMINUM 8.13
IRON 5.00
CALCIUM 3.63
SODIUM 2.83
POTASSIUM 2.59
Oxygen, silicon, aluminum,
MAGNESIUM 2.09
and iron are the abundant
TITANIUM 0.40
elements found on Earth’s
HYDROGEN 0.14
crust.
Earth's Crust
• The crust is the outermost layer of Earth.
• Earth’s crust is the thinnest layer among its
layers.
• Its most abundant element is oxygen but
other elements such as iron, aluminum, and
silicon are also present.
• It can either be classified as oceanic or
Earth's Mantle
The mantle is the layer beneath the Earth's crust. It is the
thickest layer, extending from the base of the crust to a depth
of approximately 2,900 kilometers. The mantle can be divided
into an upper and lower layer.
Upper Mantle Lower Mantle
The upper mantle is The solid lower mantle
relatively rigid and contributes to the overall
contains the convection and heat
asthenosphere, a semi- transfer within the
fluid layer that allows the Earth's interior.
Earth's Mantle
• The mantle
accounts for
about 84% of
Earth’s volume.
• It is located
between the
crust and the
core which
Earth's Mantle
• This layer is rich in magnesium oxide that
Composition
distinguishes it from the crust.
• The bulk composition of the upper mantle
is believed to be peridotite igneous rocks.
• The lower mantle is dominated by the
mineral, bridgmanite.
Mantle’s Layers
• The lithosphere is comprised of the
crust and the uppermost part of the
mantle.
• The asthenospherelies below the
lithosphere. Here, rocks have plasticity
and have the ability to flow.
• The mesosphere is also called the
lower mantle. This layer is composed
of semi-solid ultrahigh-pressure
• Mantle Mantle Convection
convection is
the transfer of
heat from the
mantle to the
crust through
the movement
of mantle
materials.
Mantle Convection
• The temperature from the
crust to the lower part of the
mantle is generally
increasing.
Mantle Geothermal Gradient Curve
Earth’s Mantle
• The mantle is the largest layer of Earth and is
subdivided into three layers: lithosphere,
asthenosphere, and mesosphere.
• Mantle convection is the transfer of heat from the
mantle to the crust.
• The core-mantle boundary is known as Gutenberg
discontinuity.
Earth's Core
The core is the innermost layer of the Earth, situated beneath the mantle. It is divided
into two distinct regions: the outer core and the inner core.
Outer Core Inner Core
• The outer core is a The inner core is the
liquid layer composed solid, central part of
mainly of molten iron the earth. It has a
and nickel. It has a
radius of about 1,220
thickness of about
kilometers and is
2,200 kilometers.
composed of solid
• The temperature in this
iron and nickel.
region is very high
Earth's Core Formation
• Researchers believe
that the core was
already formed when
the Solar System was
very young.
• Data showed that the
core was formed
around 1 to 1.5
Earth's Core Formation
• Around 1 to 1.5 billion years ago, the core
was beginning to solidify.
• This accounts for the increasing magnetic
field strength of Earth compared to the
beginning fluid core.
Crust
The crust is the outermost layer of the Earth. It is the
thinnest layer, ranging from about 5 to 70 kilometers
in thickness.
Mantle
The mantle is the layer beneath the Earth's crust. It is
the thickest layer, extending from the base of the
crust to a depth of approximately 2,900 kilometers.
Core
The core is the innermost layer of the Earth, situated
beneath the mantle. It is divided into two distinct
regions: the outer core and the inner core.
Thank You for
Listening!
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