Module 1: Introduction
• What is an operating system?
• Simple Batch Systems
• Multiprogramming Batched Systems
• Time-Sharing Systems
• Personal-Computer Systems
• Parallel Systems
• Distributed Systems
• Real -Time Systems
Operating System Concepts 1.1 Silberschatz and Galvin 1999
What is an Operating System?
• A program that acts as an intermediary between a user of a
computer and the computer hardware.
• Operating system goals:
– Execute user programs and make solving user problems
easier.
– Make the computer system convenient to use.
• Use the computer hardware in an efficient manner.
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A History of Windows
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A history of Windows
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A history of Windows
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A history of Windows
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Computer System Components
1. Hardware – provides basic computing resources (CPU, memory,
I/O devices).
2. Operating system – controls and coordinates the use of the
hardware among the various application programs for the various
users.
3. Applications programs – define the ways in which the system
resources are used to solve the computing problems of the users
(compilers, database systems, video games, business
programs).
4. Users (people, machines, other computers).
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Abstract View of System Components
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Operating System Definitions
• Resource allocator – manages and allocates resources.
• Control program – controls the execution of user programs and
operations of I/O devices .
• Kernel – the one program running at all times (all else being
application programs).
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Type of Operating Systems
• Batch OS
• Multiprorgammed System
• Time Sharing System
• Personal OS
• Multiprocessor OS
• Distributed OS
• Client –Server OS
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Simple Batch Systems
• Hire an operator
• User operator
• Add a card reader
• Reduce setup time by batching similar jobs
• Automatic job sequencing – automatically transfers control from
one job to another. First rudimentary operating system.
• Resident monitor
– initial control in monitor
– control transfers to job
– when job completes control transfers back to monitor
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Memory Layout for a Simple Batch System
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Multiprogrammed Batch Systems
Several jobs are kept in main memory at the same time, and the
CPU is multiplexed among them.
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OS Features Needed for Multiprogramming
• I/O routine supplied by the system.
• Memory management – the system must allocate the memory to
several jobs.
• CPU scheduling – the system must choose among several jobs
ready to run.
• Allocation of devices.
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Time-Sharing Systems–Interactive Computing
• The CPU is multiplexed among several jobs that are kept in
memory and on disk (the CPU is allocated to a job only if the job
is in memory).
• A job is swapped in and out of memory to the disk.
• On-line communication between the user and the system is
provided; when the operating system finishes the execution of
one command, it seeks the next “control statement” not from a
card reader, but rather from the user’s keyboard.
• On-line system must be available for users to access data
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Personal-Computer Systems
• Personal computers – computer system dedicated to a single
user.
• I/O devices – keyboards, mice, display screens, small printers.
• User convenience and responsiveness.
• Can adopt technology developed for larger operating system’
often individuals have sole use of computer and do not need
advanced CPU utilization of protection features.
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Migration of Operating-System Concepts and Features
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Parallel Systems
• Multiprocessor systems with more than one CPU in close
communication.
• Tightly coupled system – processors share memory and a clock;
communication usually takes place through the shared memory.
• Advantages of parallel system:
– Increased throughput
– Economical
– Increased reliability
graceful degradation
fail-soft systems
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Parallel Systems (Cont.)
• Symmetric multiprocessing (SMP)
– Each processor runs an identical copy of the operating system.
– Many processes can run at once without performance drop.
– Most modern operating systems support SMP
• Asymmetric multiprocessing
– Each processor is assigned a specific task; master processor
schedules and allocates work to slave processors.
– More common in extremely large systems
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Symmetric Multiprocessing Architecture
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Real-Time Systems
• Often used as a control device in a dedicated application such as
controlling scientific experiments, medical imaging systems,
industrial control systems, and some display systems.
• Well-defined fixed-time constraints.
• Hard real-time system.
– Secondary storage limited or absent, data stored in short-
term memory, or read-only memory (ROM)
– Conflicts with time-sharing systems, not supported by
general-purpose operating systems.
• Soft real-time system
– Limited utility in industrial control or robotics
– Useful in applications (multimedia, virtual reality) requiring
advanced operating-system features.
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Distributed Systems
• Distribute the computation among several physical processors.
• Loosely coupled system – each processor has its own local
memory; processors communicate with one another through
various communications lines, such as high-speed buses or
telephone lines.
• Advantages of distributed systems.
– Resources Sharing
– Computation speed up – load sharing
– Reliability
– Communications
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Distributed Systems (Cont.)
• Network Operating System
– provides file sharing
– provides communication scheme
– runs independently from other computers on the network
• Distributed Operating System
– less autonomy between computers
– gives the impression there is a single operating system
controlling the network.
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