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Osi Layers

The OSI Model, developed by the International Organization for Standardization in 1974, consists of seven layers, each with specific processing functions. These layers include Application, Presentation, Session, Transport, Network, Data Link, and Physical, which facilitate data communication across networks. The document details the responsibilities of each layer, examples of networking services, and the flow of data through the layers.

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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
10 views38 pages

Osi Layers

The OSI Model, developed by the International Organization for Standardization in 1974, consists of seven layers, each with specific processing functions. These layers include Application, Presentation, Session, Transport, Network, Data Link, and Physical, which facilitate data communication across networks. The document details the responsibilities of each layer, examples of networking services, and the flow of data through the layers.

Uploaded by

Zaid Z.Khan
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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1

OSI Model

 OSI means Open System Interconnect model.

 Developed by the International Organization for


Standardization in 1974.

 It consists of seven layers.

 Each layer has a different but specific processing


function.

2
OSI Model Layers

Layer - 7 Application
Application Advice
Upper Layer
Layer - 6 Presentation
Presentation Person or
Software Layer
Layer - 5 Session
Session Sales

Layer - 4 Transport
Transport Heart of OSI
Take

Layer - 3 Network
Network Not
Lower Layer
Layer - 2 Data
Data Link
Link Do or
Hardware Layer
Layer - 1 Physical
Physical Please

3
Application Layer

Application Layer is
Application
Application responsible for providing
Networking Services to user.
Presentation
Presentation It also known as Desktop Layer.
Identification of Services is
Session
Session done using Port Numbers.

Transport
Transport Ports are nothing but Socket i.e.
Entry and Exit Point to the Layer
Network
Network

Data Total No. Ports 0 – 65535


Data Link
Link
Reserved Ports 0 – 1023
Physical
Physical Open Ports 1024 – 65535

4
Application Layer

Application Layer is
Application
Application responsible for providing
Networking Services to user.
Presentation
Presentation It also known as Desktop Layer.
Identification of Services is
Session
Session done using Port Numbers.

Transport
Transport Ports are nothing but Socket i.e.
Entry and Exit Point to the Layer
Network
Network

Data Total No. Ports 0 – 65535


Data Link
Link
Reserved Ports 0 – 1023
Physical
Physical Open Ports 1024 – 65535

5
Example of FTP request
ftp://ftp.microsoft.com

Client FTP Server


6
Example of FTP request

FTP Request
FTP Request
Received FTP Reply Listen on
ftp://ftp.microsoft.com
ftp://ftp.microsoft.com Port 21
Sending FTP Reply

Client FTP Server


7
Examples of Networking Services

Service Port No.

HTTP 80

FTP 21

SMTP 25

TELNET 23

TFTP 69

8
How data flows from Application Layer

Application
Application Data

80 21 25 53 67 69

Presentation
Presentation

Session
Session

Transport
Transport

Network
Network

Data
Data Link
Link

Physical
Physical

9
Presentation Layer

Presentation Layer is
Application
Application responsible for converting data
into standard format.
Presentation
Presentation
Presentation
Presentation
Examples : ASCII, EBCDIC, JPEG,
Session
Session MPEG, BMP, MIDI, WAV, MP3
Transport
Transport
Following tasks are perform at
Network Presentation layer :
Network

Data
Data Link
Link Encoding – Decoding
Encryption – Decryption
Physical
Physical Compression – Decompression

10
Presentation Layer

Presentation Layer is
Application
Application responsible for converting data
into standard format.
Presentation
Presentation
Presentation
Presentation
Examples : ASCII, EBCDIC, JPEG,
Session
Session MPEG, BMP, MIDI, WAV, MP3
Transport
Transport
Following tasks are perform at
Network Presentation layer :
Network

Data
Data Link
Link Encoding – Decoding
Encryption – Decryption
Physical
Physical Compression – Decompression

11
How data flows from Presentation Layer

Application
Application Data

Presentation
Presentation Data

Session
Session

Transport
Transport

Network
Network

Data
Data Link
Link

Physical
Physical

12
Session Layer

Session Layer is responsible


Application
Application establishing, maintaining and
terminating session.
Presentation
Presentation Session ID also works at Session
Layer.
Session
Session

Transport
Transport

Network
Network

Data
Data Link
Link

Physical
Physical

13
How data flows from Session Layer

Application
Application Data

Presentation
Presentation Data

Session
Session Data

Transport
Transport

Network
Network

Data
Data Link
Link

Physical
Physical

14
Web Browser and OSI Layers (Layer 5 to 7)

A web browser (e.g., Chrome, Firefox, Edge) is an


application-layer tool that allows users to access
content (like websites) on the Internet.

When you enter a URL or click a link, it initiates a series


of tasks that span across the top three layers of the OSI
model.

15
Transport Layer

Transport Layer is
Application
Application responsible for end-to-end
connectivity. It is also known as
Presentation
Presentation heart of OSI Layers. Following
task are performed at Transport
Session
Session Layer : -

Transport
Transport
Transport
Transport • Identifying Service
Network
Network
• Multiplexing & De-multiplexing
• Segmentation
Data
Data Link
Link
• Sequencing & Reassembling
Physical
Physical • Flow Control
• Error Correction

16
Identifying Service

TCP UDP

• Transmission Control • User Datagram


Protocol Protocol
• Connection Oriented • Connection Less
• Acknowledgement • No Acknowledgement
• Reliable • Unreliable
• Slower • Faster
• Port No. 6 • Port No. 17
• e.g. HTTP, FTP, SMTP • e.g. DNS, DHCP, TFTP

17
Multiplexing & De-multiplexing

Application
Application

Presentation
Presentation

Session
Session
80 21 25 53 67 69

Transport
Transport
TCP - 6 UDP - 17

Network
Network

Data
Data Link
Link

Physical
Physical
18
Segmentation

Hello! How are you ?


Hello!
How are
you ? Hello! How Are You ?

A B

19
Sequencing & Reassembling

Hello! How How


You Hello! are ?
you
Are? you Hello!
Hello! How ? are
How are
You Hello!
you ? Hello! How You
How Are ? Are
?

A B

20
Sequencing & Reassembling

Hello! How are you ?


Hello! Hello!
How are How are
you ? Hello! How Are You ? you ?
1/5 2/5 3/5 4/5 5/5

You Hello! How ? Are


4/5 1/5 2/5 5/5 3/5

A B

21
Error Correction

Segment Missing
Hello! How are you ?
Hello! Hello!
How are How are
you ? Hello! How Are You ? you ?
1/5 2/5 3/5 4/5 5/5

You Hello! How ? Are


4/5 1/5 2/5 5/5 3/5

A B

22
Flow Control - Windowing

Ack-Rec-3
PC-A
PC-A
Sending
Ack. Received
Sending
3-window
Received-4
can
can send
send 44 Segment
Segment3-window
4-window
5-window at
at aa time
time to
to
PC-B
PC-B

A B

23
How data flows from Transport Layer

Application
Application Data

Presentation
Presentation Data

Session
Session Data

Transport TH
Segment
Data
Transport

Network
Network

Data
Data Link
Link

Physical
Physical

24
Network Layer

Network Layer is
Application
Application responsible for providing best
path to data to reach destination.
Presentation
Presentation Logical Addressing sits on this
layer. Device working on Network
Session
Session Layer is Router.

Transport
Transport It is divided into two parts

Network
• Routed Protocols
Network
e.g. IP, IPX, Apple Talk.
Data
Data Link
Link • Routing Protocols
Physical
Physical e.g. RIP, IGRP, OSPF, EIGRP

25
Routed Protocols

Segment

Hello!
How are
Source IP
you ? 192.168.1.1
Hello! How are
Destination you ?
Segment IP
192.168.1.2

A B

192.168.1.1 192.168.1.2
26
Routing Protocols

www.bing.com

27
How data flows from Network Layer

Application
Application Data

Presentation
Presentation Data

Session
Session Data

e.g. Router Transport


Transport Segment

Network
Network NHPacket
Segment

Data
Data Link
Link

Physical
Physical

28
Datalink Layer

Data link Layer is


Application
Application divided into two Sub Layers :

Presentation
Presentation • LLC – Logical Link Control
Session It talks about Wan protocols e.g.
Session
PPP, HDLC, Frame-relay
Transport
Transport
• MAC – Media Access Control
Network
Network It talks about Physical Address.
It is 48 bit Addressing
Data
DataLink
Data
Data Link
Link
Link i.e. 12 digit Hexadecimal No.
It is also responsible for Error
Physical
Physical Detection
Device working on Data Link
Layer is Switch, Bridge, NIC.
29
Error Detection – CRC Check

Packet
PC-A
PC-A
CRC
CRC No. No. 33333
33333
Hello!
How are
PC-B
PC-B
Source MAC
you ? CRC
CRC No.
No. 11114
11114
00-20-18-C0-07-71
Error00000
33333
11114
46323
99434
43434
99323
55434
89696
22222
32434
Detected
Error Detected
Destination
Error Detected
Packet MAC
00-20-18-C0-07-72

For
For Error
Error Correction
Correction
Contact
Contact Source
Source Transport
Transport
A layer
layer
B

192.168.1.1 192.168.1.2
00-20-18-C0-07-71 00-20-18-C0-07-72
30
Error Detection – CRC Check

Packet

Hello!
How are
you ?
Source MAC
00-20-18-C0-07-71
20202
11114
46323
99434
43434
99323
55434
89696
22222
32434
00000
Destination
Packet MAC
00-20-18-C0-07-72

A B

192.168.1.1 192.168.1.2
00-20-18-C0-07-71 00-20-18-C0-07-72
31
How data flows from Data Link Layer

Application
Application Data

Presentation
Presentation Data

Session
Session Data

Transport
Transport Segment

e.g. Switch Network


Network Packet

Data
Data Link
Link DH Frame
Packet DT

Physical
Physical

32
Physical Layer

Physical Layer is
Application
Application responsible for electrical,
mechanical or procedural checks.
Presentation
Presentation Data will be converted in Binary
that is 0’s & 1’s. Data will be in the
Session
Session form of electrical pulses if it is
Coaxial or Twisted Pair cable and in
Transport
Transport the form of Light if it is Fiber Optic
Cable.
Network
Network
Devices working at Physical Layer
Data
Data Link
Link are Hubs, Repeaters, Cables,
Modems etc.
Physical
Physical
Physical
Physical

33
Physical Layer Example

Frame

Hello!
How are
you ?
1010101010101010
Frame

A 0101011010101010101010101
1010101101010101010101010
0101011010101010101010101 B

34
How data flows from Physical Layer

Application
Application Data

Presentation
Presentation Data

Session
Session Data

Transport
Transport Segment

Network
Network Packet

e.g. Hub Data


Data Link
Link Frame

Physical
Physical Bits

35
Data Encapsulation & De-capsulation

A B

Application Data Data Application


Application Application

Presentation
Presentation Data Data Presentation
Presentation

Session
Session Data Data Session
Session

Transport
Transport
TH Data
Segment Segment
TH Data TransportTH
Transport

Network
Network NH
Packet
Segment NHPacket
Segment Network NH
Network

Data DHFrameDT
Packet DTFrameDH
Packet
Packet DH
DT
DataLink
Link DataLink
Data Link

Physical
Physical Bits Bits Physical
Physical

36
Comparing OSI with TCP/IP Layers

OSI Layers TCP/IP Layers

Application
Application

Presentation
Presentation Application
Application

Session
Session

Transport
Transport Transport
Transport

Network
Network Internet
Internet

Data
Data Link
Link Network
Network
Access
Access
Physical
Physical
37
38

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