1
OSI Model
OSI means Open System Interconnect model.
Developed by the International Organization for
Standardization in 1974.
It consists of seven layers.
Each layer has a different but specific processing
function.
2
OSI Model Layers
Layer - 7 Application
Application Advice
Upper Layer
Layer - 6 Presentation
Presentation Person or
Software Layer
Layer - 5 Session
Session Sales
Layer - 4 Transport
Transport Heart of OSI
Take
Layer - 3 Network
Network Not
Lower Layer
Layer - 2 Data
Data Link
Link Do or
Hardware Layer
Layer - 1 Physical
Physical Please
3
Application Layer
Application Layer is
Application
Application responsible for providing
Networking Services to user.
Presentation
Presentation It also known as Desktop Layer.
Identification of Services is
Session
Session done using Port Numbers.
Transport
Transport Ports are nothing but Socket i.e.
Entry and Exit Point to the Layer
Network
Network
Data Total No. Ports 0 – 65535
Data Link
Link
Reserved Ports 0 – 1023
Physical
Physical Open Ports 1024 – 65535
4
Application Layer
Application Layer is
Application
Application responsible for providing
Networking Services to user.
Presentation
Presentation It also known as Desktop Layer.
Identification of Services is
Session
Session done using Port Numbers.
Transport
Transport Ports are nothing but Socket i.e.
Entry and Exit Point to the Layer
Network
Network
Data Total No. Ports 0 – 65535
Data Link
Link
Reserved Ports 0 – 1023
Physical
Physical Open Ports 1024 – 65535
5
Example of FTP request
ftp://ftp.microsoft.com
Client FTP Server
6
Example of FTP request
FTP Request
FTP Request
Received FTP Reply Listen on
ftp://ftp.microsoft.com
ftp://ftp.microsoft.com Port 21
Sending FTP Reply
Client FTP Server
7
Examples of Networking Services
Service Port No.
HTTP 80
FTP 21
SMTP 25
TELNET 23
TFTP 69
8
How data flows from Application Layer
Application
Application Data
80 21 25 53 67 69
Presentation
Presentation
Session
Session
Transport
Transport
Network
Network
Data
Data Link
Link
Physical
Physical
9
Presentation Layer
Presentation Layer is
Application
Application responsible for converting data
into standard format.
Presentation
Presentation
Presentation
Presentation
Examples : ASCII, EBCDIC, JPEG,
Session
Session MPEG, BMP, MIDI, WAV, MP3
Transport
Transport
Following tasks are perform at
Network Presentation layer :
Network
Data
Data Link
Link Encoding – Decoding
Encryption – Decryption
Physical
Physical Compression – Decompression
10
Presentation Layer
Presentation Layer is
Application
Application responsible for converting data
into standard format.
Presentation
Presentation
Presentation
Presentation
Examples : ASCII, EBCDIC, JPEG,
Session
Session MPEG, BMP, MIDI, WAV, MP3
Transport
Transport
Following tasks are perform at
Network Presentation layer :
Network
Data
Data Link
Link Encoding – Decoding
Encryption – Decryption
Physical
Physical Compression – Decompression
11
How data flows from Presentation Layer
Application
Application Data
Presentation
Presentation Data
Session
Session
Transport
Transport
Network
Network
Data
Data Link
Link
Physical
Physical
12
Session Layer
Session Layer is responsible
Application
Application establishing, maintaining and
terminating session.
Presentation
Presentation Session ID also works at Session
Layer.
Session
Session
Transport
Transport
Network
Network
Data
Data Link
Link
Physical
Physical
13
How data flows from Session Layer
Application
Application Data
Presentation
Presentation Data
Session
Session Data
Transport
Transport
Network
Network
Data
Data Link
Link
Physical
Physical
14
Web Browser and OSI Layers (Layer 5 to 7)
A web browser (e.g., Chrome, Firefox, Edge) is an
application-layer tool that allows users to access
content (like websites) on the Internet.
When you enter a URL or click a link, it initiates a series
of tasks that span across the top three layers of the OSI
model.
15
Transport Layer
Transport Layer is
Application
Application responsible for end-to-end
connectivity. It is also known as
Presentation
Presentation heart of OSI Layers. Following
task are performed at Transport
Session
Session Layer : -
Transport
Transport
Transport
Transport • Identifying Service
Network
Network
• Multiplexing & De-multiplexing
• Segmentation
Data
Data Link
Link
• Sequencing & Reassembling
Physical
Physical • Flow Control
• Error Correction
16
Identifying Service
TCP UDP
• Transmission Control • User Datagram
Protocol Protocol
• Connection Oriented • Connection Less
• Acknowledgement • No Acknowledgement
• Reliable • Unreliable
• Slower • Faster
• Port No. 6 • Port No. 17
• e.g. HTTP, FTP, SMTP • e.g. DNS, DHCP, TFTP
17
Multiplexing & De-multiplexing
Application
Application
Presentation
Presentation
Session
Session
80 21 25 53 67 69
Transport
Transport
TCP - 6 UDP - 17
Network
Network
Data
Data Link
Link
Physical
Physical
18
Segmentation
Hello! How are you ?
Hello!
How are
you ? Hello! How Are You ?
A B
19
Sequencing & Reassembling
Hello! How How
You Hello! are ?
you
Are? you Hello!
Hello! How ? are
How are
You Hello!
you ? Hello! How You
How Are ? Are
?
A B
20
Sequencing & Reassembling
Hello! How are you ?
Hello! Hello!
How are How are
you ? Hello! How Are You ? you ?
1/5 2/5 3/5 4/5 5/5
You Hello! How ? Are
4/5 1/5 2/5 5/5 3/5
A B
21
Error Correction
Segment Missing
Hello! How are you ?
Hello! Hello!
How are How are
you ? Hello! How Are You ? you ?
1/5 2/5 3/5 4/5 5/5
You Hello! How ? Are
4/5 1/5 2/5 5/5 3/5
A B
22
Flow Control - Windowing
Ack-Rec-3
PC-A
PC-A
Sending
Ack. Received
Sending
3-window
Received-4
can
can send
send 44 Segment
Segment3-window
4-window
5-window at
at aa time
time to
to
PC-B
PC-B
A B
23
How data flows from Transport Layer
Application
Application Data
Presentation
Presentation Data
Session
Session Data
Transport TH
Segment
Data
Transport
Network
Network
Data
Data Link
Link
Physical
Physical
24
Network Layer
Network Layer is
Application
Application responsible for providing best
path to data to reach destination.
Presentation
Presentation Logical Addressing sits on this
layer. Device working on Network
Session
Session Layer is Router.
Transport
Transport It is divided into two parts
Network
• Routed Protocols
Network
e.g. IP, IPX, Apple Talk.
Data
Data Link
Link • Routing Protocols
Physical
Physical e.g. RIP, IGRP, OSPF, EIGRP
25
Routed Protocols
Segment
Hello!
How are
Source IP
you ? 192.168.1.1
Hello! How are
Destination you ?
Segment IP
192.168.1.2
A B
192.168.1.1 192.168.1.2
26
Routing Protocols
www.bing.com
27
How data flows from Network Layer
Application
Application Data
Presentation
Presentation Data
Session
Session Data
e.g. Router Transport
Transport Segment
Network
Network NHPacket
Segment
Data
Data Link
Link
Physical
Physical
28
Datalink Layer
Data link Layer is
Application
Application divided into two Sub Layers :
Presentation
Presentation • LLC – Logical Link Control
Session It talks about Wan protocols e.g.
Session
PPP, HDLC, Frame-relay
Transport
Transport
• MAC – Media Access Control
Network
Network It talks about Physical Address.
It is 48 bit Addressing
Data
DataLink
Data
Data Link
Link
Link i.e. 12 digit Hexadecimal No.
It is also responsible for Error
Physical
Physical Detection
Device working on Data Link
Layer is Switch, Bridge, NIC.
29
Error Detection – CRC Check
Packet
PC-A
PC-A
CRC
CRC No. No. 33333
33333
Hello!
How are
PC-B
PC-B
Source MAC
you ? CRC
CRC No.
No. 11114
11114
00-20-18-C0-07-71
Error00000
33333
11114
46323
99434
43434
99323
55434
89696
22222
32434
Detected
Error Detected
Destination
Error Detected
Packet MAC
00-20-18-C0-07-72
For
For Error
Error Correction
Correction
Contact
Contact Source
Source Transport
Transport
A layer
layer
B
192.168.1.1 192.168.1.2
00-20-18-C0-07-71 00-20-18-C0-07-72
30
Error Detection – CRC Check
Packet
Hello!
How are
you ?
Source MAC
00-20-18-C0-07-71
20202
11114
46323
99434
43434
99323
55434
89696
22222
32434
00000
Destination
Packet MAC
00-20-18-C0-07-72
A B
192.168.1.1 192.168.1.2
00-20-18-C0-07-71 00-20-18-C0-07-72
31
How data flows from Data Link Layer
Application
Application Data
Presentation
Presentation Data
Session
Session Data
Transport
Transport Segment
e.g. Switch Network
Network Packet
Data
Data Link
Link DH Frame
Packet DT
Physical
Physical
32
Physical Layer
Physical Layer is
Application
Application responsible for electrical,
mechanical or procedural checks.
Presentation
Presentation Data will be converted in Binary
that is 0’s & 1’s. Data will be in the
Session
Session form of electrical pulses if it is
Coaxial or Twisted Pair cable and in
Transport
Transport the form of Light if it is Fiber Optic
Cable.
Network
Network
Devices working at Physical Layer
Data
Data Link
Link are Hubs, Repeaters, Cables,
Modems etc.
Physical
Physical
Physical
Physical
33
Physical Layer Example
Frame
Hello!
How are
you ?
1010101010101010
Frame
A 0101011010101010101010101
1010101101010101010101010
0101011010101010101010101 B
34
How data flows from Physical Layer
Application
Application Data
Presentation
Presentation Data
Session
Session Data
Transport
Transport Segment
Network
Network Packet
e.g. Hub Data
Data Link
Link Frame
Physical
Physical Bits
35
Data Encapsulation & De-capsulation
A B
Application Data Data Application
Application Application
Presentation
Presentation Data Data Presentation
Presentation
Session
Session Data Data Session
Session
Transport
Transport
TH Data
Segment Segment
TH Data TransportTH
Transport
Network
Network NH
Packet
Segment NHPacket
Segment Network NH
Network
Data DHFrameDT
Packet DTFrameDH
Packet
Packet DH
DT
DataLink
Link DataLink
Data Link
Physical
Physical Bits Bits Physical
Physical
36
Comparing OSI with TCP/IP Layers
OSI Layers TCP/IP Layers
Application
Application
Presentation
Presentation Application
Application
Session
Session
Transport
Transport Transport
Transport
Network
Network Internet
Internet
Data
Data Link
Link Network
Network
Access
Access
Physical
Physical
37
38