ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
In the accomplishment of this
project successfully many people
have best owned upon me as their
blessings and the heart pledge
support, this time I utilizing to
thank all the people who have
been concerned with the project.
Primarily, I would like to thank my
teachers especially my chemistry
teacher Neelakshi Borah whose
valuable guidance has been the
one that helped me patch this
project and make it full proof
success her suggestions and
instructions has severed as the
major contribution.
Then I would like to thank my
parents and friends who helped me
with their valuable suggestion and
BISWANATH JNAN
BHARATI SCHOOL
Chemistry investigatory project
Topic – DRUG ADDICTION
Submitted by-
Tamanna nazmin
Class XII
Roll no.-
Contents
Sl.no Topic Page no.
1 Objective
2 Drug Introduction
3 Drug Dependence
And Addiction
4 Classification Of
Drugs
5 Drugs And Alcohol
6 How Drugs Addiction
Begin
7 Tobacco
8 Alcohol
9 Conclusions
10 Bibliography
OBJECTIVE
• To study about drugs, their
classification, their addictive
nature and prevention from
addiction.
Introduction
A drug is any kind of medicine or
chemical that changes the functioning of
your body and brain. These can cause a
change in an organisms physiology or
psychology when consumed drugs are
typically distinguished from food and
substances that provide nutritional
support. Consumption of drugs can be
via inhalation, injection, smoking,
ingestion, absorption via a patch on the
akin or dissolution under the tongue.
A pharmaceutical drug is a chemical
medicine substance used to treat, cure,
prevent or diagnose a disease or to
promote well being. Traditionally drugs
can be obtained through extraction by
medical plants but more recently these
are obtained by organic solvents.
Pharmaceutical drugs may be used for a
limited duration on a regular basis for
chronic disorders.
Drug Dependence and Addiction
Drugs are prescribed by physicians for the
prevention or treatment of diseases or for
increasing the physical and the mental
performance and are withdrawn as soon as
the desired effect is achieved. Repeated use
of certain drugs on a periodic or continuous
basis may make the body dependence.
Such drugs are called psychotropic drugs.
They act on the brain and after behavior,
consciousness and capacity of perception.
Hence, they are also termed as mood-
altering drugs. Some people start taking
drugs without medical advice due to one
reason or the other and become drugs
dependent.
Drug addiction is the habitual psychological
and physiological dependence on drugs,
which is beyond voluntary control. A person
who is habituated to drugs is called a drug
addict.
There are a large number of drugs on which
people become dependent. These are classified
into four major groups :sedatives and
tranquilizers, Opiate narcotics, stimulants and
hallucinogens
Types of drug Examples Effects
Sedatives Barbiturates and depress CNS
Tranquilizers. Benzodiazepines activity,gives a
feeling of
calmness, rela-
xation, drows-
ness.
Opiate narcotics opium, morphine, supress brain
codeine, merion activity, relax
pain
Stimulants Amphetamines, make a person
caffeine, cocaine more wakeful
alert & active,
cause excitem-
ent.
DRUGS AND ALCOHOL
Some come addicts use mixtures of drugs to
have immediate "kid of charge".
Simultaneous use of drug and alcohol may
produce dangerous effects, including death.
When barbiturates and alcohols are taken
together, each doubles the effect of the
other. A mixture of heroin and cocaine called
speed ball gives a spontaneous kick of
cocaine and prolonged pleasure of heroin.
How does drug addiction begin?
People who have never experienced
addiction often wonder why someone would
want to become addicted to a substance.
They ask themselves why anyone would use
a substance that could potentially lead them
down that path. Many of these questions
don't have simple answers, and the
questions that do have answers, are not easy
to understand. The best way to explore the
way addiction begins is to peel back the
complex issues layer by layer and examine
the way each component relates to the
overall matter.
What are the Warning Signs of Drug
Addiction ?
Sometimes the warning signs of alcohol misuse or abuse
are very noticeable. Other times, they can take longer to
surface. When drug addiction is discovered in its early
stages, the chance for a successful recovery increase
significantly .
Common signs of drug addiction include:
• Loss of control
• Continued problems despite negative consequences
• Spending less time on activities that used to be
necessary, such as hanging out with family and
friends, exercising, or pursuing hobbies or other
interest.
• Drop in attendance and performance at work or
school.
• Taking serious risks to obtain one's drug of choice.
• Acting out in personal relationships, particularly if
someone is attempting to address their substance
problems.
• Going out of one's way to hide the amount of drugs
taken.
• Serious changes or deterioration in hygiene or physical
appearance.
• Needing to use more and more of the drug to produce
the same effect.
• Withdrawal symptoms such as shakiness, trembling,
Tobacco
Sources:
It is a native of South Africa, where the Red Indian
first started, Smoking. Now the tobacco plant has
spread the world over. It has large, quote to lance
late leaves and terminal clusters of tubular, white
and pink flowers.
Modes of use:
Tobacco is used for smoking, chewing and
snuffing, its main stimulating component is
poisonous volatile alkaloid nicotine, which causes
addiction. Nicotine synthesis occurs in the roots of
the plant but is stored in the leaves. The leaves
contain 2 to 8% nicotine, inhaling tobacco smoke
from cigars, cigarettes, bids, pipes and hubble-
bubble is called smoking. The cigar is a roll of
tobacco leaf. The cigarette is cut tobacco wrapped
in piper. Bidi is tobacco wrapped in a piece of leaf.
Tobacco smoke is drown directly from the pipe and
through water is hubble-bubble. Smoking may
give some temporary relief to the strained nerves
but in the long run, it proves a dangerous health
hazard. The quantity of nicotine contained in one
cigar may prove fatal if injected intravenously into
a person. When smoked, only 10% of the smoke is
inhaled. Hence, no immediate ill effect is
observed. Smokers may develop a physiological
craving for nicotine and then they cannot give up
smoking.
Effect of nicotine:
Nicotine is in low concentration.
Stimulates conduction of nerve impulses.
Relaxes the muscles.
Releases adrenaline, increasing heart beat rate and
pressure.
Increased blood pressure due to smoking chances the
risk of heart diseases.
Retards foetal growth in expecting mothers.
Causes tobacco addiction. High concentration of
nicotine paralyses nerve cells.
Other harmful components of Tobacco smoke:
Besides the poisonous nicotine, the tobacco smoke
contains carbon monoxide, polycyclic aromatic
hydrocarbons, and tar.
Other effects:
1. Smoking effects economy: A smoker not only wastes
money but also runs the risk of burns and fires.
2. ii. Smoking mars personality: Teeth may become
stained, lips discolored and breath becomes foul. A
person with a cigarette hanging from the mouth
looks odd.
3. iii. Smoking is annoying to others: Cigarette smoking
is quite annoying to non-smokers. It may prove even
more harmful to them. A smoker should avoid
smoking when in the company of non-smokers. A
smoker makes the nearby person, a passive smoker,
as they inhale the smoke released by the smoker
Alcohol
• Sources:
Ethyl alcohol or ethanol, flammable colorless liquid having a
penetrating odour and burning taste, is one of the products of
the distillation of fermented grains, fruit juices and starches
with the help of yeast enzymes. It is the principal constituent
and the intoxicating principle of wines.
Modes of use:
Alcohol is taken in low concentration, as the beer, toddy
and wine, and in relatively high concentration as arrack
brandy, whiskey, rum, gin, vodka etc.
Addiction:
Addiction to alcohol is called alcoholism. Alcoholics
are found in all sections of society. Alcohol causes
intoxication and thus, acts as a poison.
The drinkers begin with small doses, but many of
them soon start consuming large doses and
become addicts. By the time they realize that
drinking is adversely affecting them, it is too late
to give it up
Why people take to drinking?
The drinkers offer one or more of the following
reasons for starting drinking- Social
pressure ,Desire for excitement., Feeling of
independence, Liking of taste, Desire to escape
from such realities of life as disappoint, merit and
failures, The desires to offset the hardships and
*What happens on consuming alcohol?
Alcohol is quickly absorbed in the stomach
andupper part of the small intestine and reaches
all thetissues in minutes. Its oxidation starts at
once and alarge amount of heat in produced.
Since heat is notneeded in the body, it is taken up
by the blood andcarried to the skin for
dissipation. Since thereceptors of heat are
located in the skin, the rush ofblood to the skin
gives a false impression of warmthin the body.
The blood supply of internal organs isgreatly
reduced resulting in fall of temperature inthem.
The energy released by alcohol is not used inany
life process. Rather the energy derived fromfood
is used up in ridding the body off the excessheat.
*Is alcohol a stimulant?
Many people take alcohol for
stimulation.Actually, alcohol is a depressant, a
substancewhich dulls the senses. It reduces the
efficiencyof every tissue the body. Any feeling of
lift aperson may claim to feel is a mistaken
impressionor an attempt to justify the act in his
own min
Conclusion
Drug uses and addiction has caused a lot of
diseases and disability in the world. Recent
advances in neuroscience may help improve
policies to reduce the harm that the use of
tobacco, alcohol and other psychoactive
drugs impose on society.
• * NCERT Class 12 Chemistry
textbook.
• NCERT Class 12 Lab Manual.
• https://www.google.co.in
• https://www.scribd.com
• https://www.slideshare.com
THANK YOU
