OPERATING SYSTEMS STRUCTURES
Jerry Breecher
2: OS Structures
OPERATING SYSTEM Structures
What Is In This Chapter?
System Components
System Calls
How Components Fit Together Virtual Machine
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OPERATING SYSTEM STRUCTURES
SYSTEM COMPONENTS
These are the pieces of the system well be looking at: Process Management Main Memory Management File Management I/O System Management Secondary Management Networking Protection System Command-Interpreter System
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PROCESS MANAGEMENT
SYSTEM COMPONENTS
A process is a program in execution: (A program is passive, a process active.) A process has resources (CPU time, files) and attributes that must be managed. One (or more) threads are the schedulable entities within a process. Management of processes includes: Thread Scheduling (priority, time management, . . . ) Creation/termination Block/Unblock (suspension/resumption ) Synchronization Communication Deadlock handling Debugging
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OPERATING SYSTEM STRUCTURES
System Components
MAIN MEMORY MANAGEMENT Allocation/de-allocation for processes, files, I/O. Maintenance of several processes at a time Keep track of who's using what memory Movement of process memory to/from secondary storage. FILE MANAGEMENT A file is a collection of related information defined by its creator. Commonly, files represent programs (both source and object forms) and data. The operating system is responsible for the following activities in connections with file management: File creation and deletion. Directory creation and deletion. Support of primitives for manipulating files and directories. Mapping files onto secondary storage. File backup on stable (nonvolatile) storage media. 2: OS Structures
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OPERATING SYSTEM STRUCTURES
System Components
I/O MANAGEMENT Buffer caching system Generic device driver code Drivers for each device - translate read/write requests into disk position commands.
SECONDARY STORAGE MANAGEMENT Disks, tapes, optical, ... Free space management ( paging/swapping )
Storage allocation ( what data goes where on disk )
Disk scheduling
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System Components
NETWORKING Communication system between distributed processors. Getting information about files/processes/etc. on a remote machine. Can use either a message passing or a shared memory model. PROTECTION Of files, memory, CPU, etc. Means controlling of access Depends on the attributes of the file and user SYSTEM PROGRAMS
How Do These All Fit Together? In essence, they all provide services for each other.
Command Interpreters -- Program that accepts control statements (shell, GUI interface, etc.)
Compilers/linkers Communications (ftp, telnet, etc.)
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OPERATING SYSTEM STRUCTURES
System Tailoring
Modifying the Operating System program for a particular machine. The goal is to include all the necessary pieces, but not too many extra ones. Typically a System can support many possible devices, but any one installation has only a few of these possibilities.
Plug and play allows for detection of devices and automatic inclusion of the code (drivers) necessary to drive these devices.
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OPERATING SYSTEM STRUCTURES
System Calls
A System Call is the main way a user program interacts with the Operating System.
Figure 3.1 Figure 2.8 2: OS Structures
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OPERATING SYSTEM STRUCTURES
HOW A SYSTEM CALL WORKS Obtain access to system space Do parameter validation System resource collection ( locks on structures ) Ask device/system for requested item Suspend waiting for device Interrupt makes thread ready to run Wrap-up Return to user
System Calls
There are 11 (or more) steps in making the system call read (fd, buffer, nbytes) 2: OS Structures
Linux API
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Consider the ReadFile() function in the Win32 APIa function for reading from a file.
System Calls
Example of Windows API
A description of the parameters passed to ReadFile() HANDLE filethe file to be read LPVOID buffera buffer where the data will be read into and written from DWORD bytesToReadthe number of bytes to be read into the buffer LPDWORD bytesReadthe number of bytes read during the last read LPOVERLAPPED ovlindicates if overlapped I/O is being used 2: OS Structures
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Two ways of passing data between programs.
System Calls
Msg Passing
Shared Memory
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These are examples of various system calls.
System Calls
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A SIMPLE STRUCTURE:
How An Operating System Is Put Together
Example of MS-DOS.
Application Programming
Note how all layers can touch the hardware. Bad News!!
Resident System Programming
MS-DOS Drivers
ROM - BIOS Device Drivers
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A LAYERED STRUCTURE: Example of Windows 2000.
How An Operating System Is Put Together
System Services
Windows MGR & GDI
Graphics Device Drivers
VM Manager
Process Manager
Security Reference Monitor
IO Manager
Windows 2000 Kernel
Hardware Abstraction Layer (HAL)
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A LAYERED STRUCTURE: Example of UNIX.
How An Operating System Is Put Together
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Virtual Machine
In a Virtual Machine - each process "seems" to execute on its own processor with its own memory, devices, etc. The resources of the physical machine are shared. Virtual devices are sliced out of the physical ones. Virtual disks are subsets of physical ones. Useful for running different OS simultaneously on the same machine. Protection is excellent, but no sharing possible. Virtual privileged instructions are trapped.
Virtual User
Physical User
Virtual Machine
Monitor Mode
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Physical Machine
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Virtual Machine
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Virtual Machine
Example of MS-DOS on top of Windows 2000.
DOS APPLICATION
Physical User
BIOS DRIVERS
Windows 2000
Physical Machine
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Virtual Machine
VMware Example
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Virtual Machine
Example of Java Virtual Machine
The Java Virtual Machine allows Java code to be portable between various hardware and OS platforms.
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WRAPUP
Weve completed our second overview of an Operating System this at the level of a high flying plane.
Weve looked at the basic building blocks of an operating system processes, memory management, file systems, and seen how they all connect together. Now well get into the nitty-gritty, spending considerable time on each of these pieces.
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