Engineering Systems

MARPOL 73/78
 DISASTER
 In 1967, the Torrey Canyon ran
aground while entering the English
Channel and spilled her entire cargo of
120,000 tons of crude oil into the sea.
 Inadequacies of the IMO Annexes for
oil pollution were seen as a result of
the Oil Pollution that followed.
 And IMO was further revised in order
to prevent such occurrences from
happening again.
Torrey Canyon
 WHY (continued.)Revisions
 Thisincident prompted the English
Government to take the initiative in
organizing an early meeting of the
Intergovernmental Maritime
Consultative Organization to consider
needed changes in international
maritime law and practice. Relevant
maritime laws were considered to be
overly complex and out of date in many
respects.
 MARPOL 73/78: A Summary
 The International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution of
Ships, 1973 was adopted in 1973. This Convention was
subsequently modified by the Protocol of 1978. The Protocol
introduced stricter regulations for the survey and certification of
ships. It is usually referred to as MARPOL 73/78.
 This IMO Convention is the most important global treaty for the
prevention of pollution from the operation of ships; it governs the
design and equipment of ships; establishes system of certificates
and inspections; requires states to provide reception facilities for
the disposal of oily waste and chemicals. It covers all the technical
aspects of pollution from ships, except the disposal of waste into
the sea by dumping, and applies to ships of all types, although it
does not apply to pollution arising out of the exploration and
exploitation of sea-bed mineral resources.
 Regulations covering the various sources of ship-generated
pollution are contained in the six Annexes of the London
Convention and are updated regularly. Annexes I and II, governing
oil and chemicals are compulsory but annexes III, IV, V and VI on
packaged materials, sewage, garbage and air pollution are
optional.
 Singapore has so far adopted only four Annexes. They are Annex
I,II,III and V.
 ANNEX 1: Regulations for
Prevention of Pollution by Oil
(1/2)
 Summary and Entry Date
 Regulation 2: Application
 Regulation 3: Equivalents
 Regulation 4: Surveys and Inspections
 Regulation 5: Issue of Certificate
 Regulation 6: Issue of Certificate by another Government
 Regulation 7: Form of Certificate
 Regulation 8: Duration of Certificate
 Regulation 9: Control of discharge of oil
 Regulation 10: Methods of prevention of pollution
 Regulation 11: Exceptions
 Regulation 12: Reception Facilities
 Regulation 13: Segregated Ballast Tanks, Dedicated
clean ballast tanks and crude oil washing
 ANNEX 1: Regulations for
Prevention of Pollution by Oil

(2/2)
Regulation 14: Segregation of oil and water
ballast and carriage of oil in forepeak tanks
 Regulation 15: Retention of oil on board
 Regulation 16: Oil Discharge Monitoring and
control system
 Regulation 17: Tank for oil residues
 Regulation 18: Pumping, piping and discharge
arrangements
 Regulation 19: Standard discharge connection
 Regulation 20: Oil Record Book
 Regulation 21: Special requirements for rigs and
other platforms
 Regulation 22: Shipboard oil pollution emergency
plan
 Summary of Annex I
 Details the discharge criteria and requirements
for the prevention of pollution by oil and oily
substances. Beside technical guidelines it
contains the concept of "special areas" which
are considered to be vulnerable to pollution by
oil. Discharges of oil within them have been
completely prohibited.
 This Annex was entered into force on 2
October 1983.
Regulation 2: Application
 Unless specifically and expressly provided
otherwise, Annex 1 will apply to all ships.
 Where cargo is carried and classed as a
noxious substance, the appropriate
requirements of Annex 2 will also apply
 Any hydrofoil, air cushion vehicle or near-
surface craft may be exempted if
construction makes the Annex
impracticable, provided sufficient
protection is provided.
 Permission of such exemption should be
duly noted down in the Certificate.
 Regulation 4: Surveys and
Inspections
 Every tanker of >150 gross tons and every other
ship >400 gross tons shall be subject to the
surveys below:
 An initial survey before it is put into service
 Periodical surveys at intervals not exceeding five years.
 A minimum of an intermediate survey to ensure the
validity of the Certificate and the proper working of the
appropriate pump and piping systems. It shall not be
held more than 6 months before and after the halfway
period of the Certificate validity.
 Whenever an accident occurs to a ship or a defect
is discovered that substantially affects the
integrity of the ship, a report to the
Administration shall be made immediately. After
repairs are completed, a new survey is
mandatory.
 Regulation 9: Control of
discharge of oil
 Discharge shall be prohibited when:
 The tanker is within a special area
 The tanker is less than 50 NM from the nearest
land.
 The tanker is not proceeding en route.
 The instantaneous rate of discharge exceeds
30 liters per nautical mile.
 The total quantity discharged exceeds
1/15,000 of the total cargo the ship is carrying.
 The tanker does not have in operation an oil
discharge monitoring and control system and a
slop tank arrangement.
Regulation 10: Methods of prevention of
pollution in Special Areas
 The Special Areas are as follows:
 The Mediterranean Sea and its gulfs and seas within
 The Baltic Sea in Finland
 The Black Sea
 The Red Sea Area
 The Gulf of Aden
 The Antarctic
 Any discharge of any sort is prohibited by ships of
more than 400 gross tons while in these areas.
 Bilge water may be discharged provided:
 It does not originate from the cargo pump-room bilges
 It is not mixed with oil residues
 The ship is proceeding en route
 The oil content does not exceed 15 ppm
 The ship has filtering equipment in operation
 The ship has an automatic stopping device to stop
discharging is the bilge content exceeds 15 ppm.
Regulation 10: Methods of prevention of
pollution in Special Areas (cont’d)
 The oil residues which cannot be
discharged shall be retained on board or
discharged to reception facilities.
 The Governments of Parties to the
Convention shall be obliged to investigate
should visible traces of oil be observed in
the immediate vicinity of a ship.
 For the Antarctic area, the Governments of
Parties to the Convention should ensure
that ships flying their flag should be fitted
with sufficient facilities to hold all its
sludge, dirty ballast, oil and oily mixtures
while operating in the area.
 Regulation 12: Reception
Facilities
 Reception facilities shall be provided in:
 All ports and terminals where crude oil is loaded
on tankers which have previously completed a
ballast voyage of not more than 72 hours.
 All ports and terminals where crude is loaded at
an average of more than 1000 metric tons/day.
 All ports having a ship repair yard or tank
cleaning facilities.
 All ports and terminals which handle ships
provided with sludge tanks.
 All Loading ports for bulk and combination
carriers in respect to oil residues which cannot
be discharged.
Regulation 13A: Segregated Ballast Tanks,
 Every tanker of 20,000t deadweight and above
shall be provided with segregated ballast tanks.
 In no case shall ballast be carried in cargo tanks
unless:
 On rare voyages where weather conditions are so severe
the master decides to do so for the safety of the ship
 In exceptional cases where the particular charter of the
ship requires it to carry more ballast than usually
required.
 Every tanker of 20,000t deadweight and above
shall be equipped with a suitable crude oil
washing system.
 Regulation 13B: Dedicated clean ballast tanks
 An oil tanker operating with dedicated clean
ballast tanks shall have adequate tank capacity,
dedicated solely to the carriage of clean ballast.
 Any oil tanker equipped with dedicated clean
ballast tanks shall also be equipped with an oil
content meter, subject to approval by the
Administration.
 Every oil tanker operating with dedicated clean
ballast tanks shall also be provided with as
Dedicated Clean Ballast Tank Operation Manual,
detailing system and operational procedures.
 Regulation 13C: Crude Oil Washing
 Equipment shall comply with installation and
associated arrangement set down by the
establishment. Such as those concerning
design, specs, and all it encompasses within
the international conference on tanker
safety and pollution prevention.
 An inert gas system shall be provided in
every cargo tank and slop tank in
accordance with the appropriate regulations
of Chapter II-2 SOLAS 1974 and further
amendments.
 Every crude oil tanker operating with crude
oil washing system be provided with the
manual of the operations and equipments
which must be the accordance with the rules
 Regulation 14: Segregation of oil and water
ballast and carriage of oil in forepeak tanks

 New Ships of 4000 tons gross and above are

prohibited from carrying ballast water in any
oil fuel tank
 Where abnormal conditions render the need
to carry ballast water in any oil fuel tank,
such ballast water shall be discharged in
compliance with regulation 16.
 In ships of 400 tons gross and above, oil
shall not be carried in a forepeak tank or a
tank forward of the collision bulkhead.
 All ships shall comply with these regulations
as far is practicable and reasonable.
Regulation 15: Retention of oil on board

 Adequate means shall be provided for cleaning

the cargo tanks and transferring the dirty ballast
residue and tank washings from the cargo tanks
to a slop tank approved by the Administration.
 The capacity of the slop tanks shall not be less
than 3% of the oil carrying capacity of the ship.
 Combination carriers who carry oil tanks in
smooth walls are allowed to reduce their slop
tank capacity to 1%.
 New oil tankers classed Aframax, VLCC and above
must be provided with at least 2 slop tanks.
 Slop tanks shall be designed particularly to avoid
excessive turbulence and entrainment of oil or
emulsion with water.
 Regulation 15: Retention of oil
on board
 The oil discharge monitoring and control system fitted
is also to be fitted with a recording device
 This is to provide a continuous recording of the
discharge in liters per nautical mile.
 This record is to be kept for at least three years.
 Any failure of this recording system is to be noted
down in the Oil record book.
 These regulations may be waived in cases:
 The ship is less than 150 gross tons
 The ship engages exclusively in voyages of 72 hours or less.
 The ship is engaged exclusively in voyages within special
areas.
 The ship trades between ports or terminals of a State party to
the Convention.
 The ship is engaged exclusively in voyages within 50 miles
from the nearest land.
 This is subject to approval only if the ship retains on
board all oily mixtures for subsequent discharge to
 Regulation 16: Oil Discharge
Monitoring and control system
 Any ship of 400 tons gross and above but less than
10,000 tons gross must be fitted with oil filtering
equipment.
 Any ship larger than 10,000 tons gross must be fitted
with oil filtering equipment, and with arrangements for
an alarm and for automatically stopping any discharge of
oily mixture should the oil content exceed 15ppm.
 Ships less than 400 gross tons must be equipped with
sufficient retention facilities.
 This regulation may be waived for ships in special areas
if:
 The ship is fitted with a holding tank satisfactory to the
Administration.
 All bilge water is retained on board for shore discharge
 The IOPP Certificate is endorsed that the ship trades only
within special areas.
 The quantity, time and port of discharge is recorded in
the Oil Record Book.
 Regulation 17: Tank for oil
residues
 Every ship of 400 tons gross and
above shall be provided with one of
adequate capacity with regard to
type of machinery and length of
voyage.
 Piping to and from sludge tanks shall
have no direct connection overboard.
Regulation 18: Pumping, piping
and discharge arrangements
 In every oil tanker, a discharge manifold for dirty
ballast water or oil contaminated water shall be
located on both sides of the open deck of the ship.
 Every tanker with a segregated ballast system
must satisfy the following:
 Itshall be equipped with oil piping designed so that
oil retention in the lines is kept to a minimum.
 Means shall be provided to drain all cargo pumps
and all oil lines on completion of cargo discharge.
 Discharge of ballast water or oil contaminated
water must be discharged above the waterline
except:
 Existing oil tankers that are not capable of doing so
without modification
 Existing Oil tankers operating with dedicated clean
ballast tanks.
 Discharge may be by method of gravity if the ship
 Regulation 19: Standard
discharge connection
Description Dimension
Outside Diameter 215mm
Inner Diameter According to pipe O/D

Bolt Circle Diameter 183mm

Slots in flange 6 22mm holes
equidistantly placed on
a bolt circle. Slot width
to be 22mm.
Flange thickness 22mm
Bolt and Nuts 6, each of 20mm
diameter
 Regulation 20: Oil Record Book

 Every oil tanker of 150 gross tons above must be

provided with one.
 The oil record book must be completed when:
 Ballasting and cleaning of oil fuel tanks
 Discharge of dirty ballast or cleaning water from tanks
 Disposal of oily residues
 Discharge overboard of bilge water
 Loading/unloading of oil cargo
 Internal transfer of oil during voyage
 Ballasting of cargo tanks and dedicated clean ballast tanks
 Cleaning of cargo oil tanks
 Discharge of ballast
 Disposal of residues
 The oil record book is to be kept in a place readily
available for inspection at any time.
 Regulation 26: Shipboard oil
pollution emergency plan
 The plan shall consist of:
 The procedure to be followed by the master or
other person having charge of the ship to report
an oil pollution incident
 The list of authorities to be notified.
 A detailed description of the action to be taken
immediately by persons on board to control the
discharge of oil following the incident
 The procedures and point of contact on the ship
for coordinating shipboard action with national
and international authorities in combating the
pollution.
 Annex II: Regulations for Control of
Pollution by Noxious Liquid Substances
in Bulk
 Regulation 1: Definitions
 Regulation 2: Application
 Regulation 3: Categorization and listing of noxious liquid
substances
 Regulation 4: Other liquid substances
 Regulation 5: Discharge of noxious liquid substances
 Regulation 5A: Pumping, piping and unloading arrangements
 Regulation 6: Exceptions
 Regulation 7: Reception facilities and cargo unloading
terminal arrangements
 Regulation 8: Measures of control
 Regulation 9: Cargo Record Book
 Regulation 10: Surveys
 Regulation 11: Issue of certificate
 Regulation 12: Duration of certificate
 Regulation 12A: Survey and certification of chemical tankers
 Regulation 13: Requirements for minimizing accidental
pollution
 Regulation 14: Carriage and discharge of oil-like substances
 Regulation 15: Port State control on operational
 Annex II: A Summary
 Details the discharge criteria and measures for
the control of pollution by noxious liquid
substances carried in bulk. It subdivides
substances into and contains detailed operational
standards and procedures. Some 250 substances
were evaluated and included in the list appended
to the London Convention. The discharge of their
residues is allowed only to reception facilities
until certain concentrations and conditions are
compiled with. In any case, no discharge of
residues containing noxious substances is
permitted within 12 miles of the nearest land.
More stringent restrictions apply to "special
areas".
 Entry into force: 6 April 1987
Regulation 2: Application
 Unless specifically and expressly
provided otherwise, Annex 1 will apply
to all ships.
 Where cargo is carried and classed as a
noxious substance, the appropriate
requirements of Annex 2 will also apply
 Permission of such exemption should
be duly noted down in the Certificate.
Regulation 3: Categorization and listing
of noxious liquid substances

 Noxious liquid substances shall be divided

into four categories.
 Category A: Noxious liquid substances which
present a major hazard to either marine
resources
 Category B: Noxious liquid substances which
would present a hazard to either marine
resources or human health
 Category C: Noxious liquid substances which
present a minor hazard to either marine
resources or human health
 Category D: Noxious liquid substances which
would present a recognizable hazard to either
Regulation 5: Discharge of noxious
liquid substances
 The discharge into the sea of substances in
Category A is prohibited.
 The discharge into the sea of substances in
Category B and C is prohibited except when all
the following conditions are satisfied
 The ship is proceeding en route at a speed of at least 7
knots
 The procedures and arrangements for discharge are
approved by the Administration
 The maximum quantity of cargo discharged from each
tank shall in no case exceed the greater of 1 m or
1/3000 of he tank capacity in m
 The discharge is made below the waterline
 The discharge is made at a distance of not less than
12 nautical miles from the nearest land
 Ventilation procedures approved by the
Administration may be used
Regulation 5A: Pumping, piping and
unloading arrangements
 Every ship constructed on or after 1 July 1986 shall
be provided with pumping and piping
arrangements to ensure each tank designated for
the carriage of a Category B substance does not
retain a quantity of residue in excess of 0.1 m in
the tank’s associated piping
 Every ship constructed on or after 1 July 1986 shall
be provided with pumping and piping
arrangements to ensure each tank designated for
the carriage of a Category C substance does not
retain a quantity of residue in excess of 0.3 m in
the tank’s associated piping
 Pumping conditions referred to in this regulation
shall be approved by the Administration and based
on standards developed by the Organization.
 Regulation 8: Measures of control
(outside special areas)
 With respect to Category A substances the
following provisions shall apply in all areas:
 A tank which has been unloaded shall be thoroughly
washed before the ship leaves the port of unloading.
 With respect to Category B & C substances, the
following provisions shall apply in all areas:
 A tank which has been unloaded shall be pre-washed
before the ship leaves whenever:
 Theunloading is not carried out in accordance with the
pumping conditions for the tank approved by the
Administration
 At the request of the ship’s master, the port may
exempt the ship when it is satisfied that:
 The tank unloaded is to be reloaded with the same
substance
 The cargo residues will be removed by a ventilation
 Regulation 8: Measures of control

 With respect to Category D substances, a tank

which has been unloaded shall either be
washed and the resulting tank washings
discharged to a reception facility, or the
remaining residues diluted and then
discharged into the sea in accordance to
regulation 5.
 Any residue retained on board in a slop tank
which contains a Category A or B substance,
shall be discharged to a reception facility in
accordance with regulation 5.
 Regulation 9: Cargo Record
Book
 The
Cargo Record book shall be
completed, on a tank-to-tank basis,
whenever the following takes place:
 Loading/Unloading of cargo
 Internal transfer of cargo
 Cleaning of cargo tanks
 Ballasting/De-Ballasting of cargo tanks
 Disposal of residue to reception facilitites
 Discharge into the sea or removal by
ventilation of residues.
 Regulation 10: Surveys

 Ships carrying noxious liquid substances

shall be subject to the following:
 An initial survey before the ship is put into
service
 Periodical surveys at intervals specified by the
Administration, with each interval not
exceeding 5 years.
 A minimum of 1 intermediate survey during the
period of validity of the Certificate.
 An annual survey within 3 months before or
after the month of issue of the certificate.
 Regulation 13: Requirements for
minimizing accidental pollution

 Chemical tankers constructed on or

after 1 July 1986 shall comply with
the requirements of the International
Bulk Chemical Code.
 In respect of ships other than
chemical tankers, the Administration
shall establish appropriate measures
based on the Guidelines developed
by the Organization
 Annex III: Regulations for the Prevention of
Pollution by Harmful Substances carried by Sea
in Packaged Form
 Summary
 Regulation 1: Application
 Regulation 2: Packing
 Regulation 3: Marking and Labeling
 Regulation 4: Documentation
 Regulation 5: Stowage
 Regulation 6: Quantity Limitations
 Regulation 7: Exceptions
 Regulation 8: Port State Control on
operational requirements
 Summary

 Contains general requirements for the

issuing of detailed standards on packing,
marking, labeling, documentation,
stowage, quantity limitations, exceptions
and notifications for preventing pollution
by harmful substances. The Annex should
be implemented through the International
Maritime Dangerous Goods (IMDG) Code,
which has been amended to include
marine pollutants.
 The amendments entered into force on 1
January 1991.
 Regulation 1: Application

 Unless expressly provided, this Annex shall apply

to all ships carrying harmful substances
 The carriage of harmful substances is prohibited
unless in accordance with the provisions of this
Annex
 To supplement this Annex, the Government of
each party to the Convention shall issue detailed
requirements on packing, marking, labeling,
documentation, stowage, quantity limitations and
exceptions.
 Empty packaging that previously carried harmful
substance shall also be themselves considered a
harmful substance
 The requirements of this Annex do not apply to
ship’s stores and equipment
 Regulation 3: Marking and
Labeling
 Packages containing a harmful substance
shall be durably marked with the correct
technical name and also indication that
the substance is a marine pollutant. Such
marking must also be supplemented by
other means, such as the relevant United
Nations number.
 The method of marking must be durable to
the point where they can be clearly read
on packages surviving at least 3 months in
seawater.
 Packages containing only very small
amounts may be exempted from this rule
 Regulation 4: Documentation

 In all documents relating to the carriage of

harmful substances, the correct technical
name must be used and further identified
with the added term “MARINE POLLUTANT”
 The shipping documents supplied must
include a signed certificate that the shipment
offered for carriage is properly packed and
marked, labeled as appropriate
 Each ship carrying harmful substances shall
have a special manifest detailing the list of
harmful substances on board.
 Regulation 7: Exceptions
 Jettisoning of harmful substances
into the sea is prohibited unless for
the specific purpose of securing the
safety of the ship or life at sea
 Appropriate measures must be taken
to regulate the washing of leakages
overboard, provided that compliance
would not impair the safety of the
ship or life of a person
 Annex V of Marpol 73/78
 Summary
 Regulation 1: Definitions
 Regulation 2: Application
 Regulation 3: Disposal of garbage outside special
areas
 Regulation 4: Special requirements for disposal of
garbage
 Regulation 5: Disposal of garbage within special
areas
 Regulation 6: Exceptions
 Regulation 7: Reception Facilities
 Regulation 8: Port State Control on Operational
Requirements
 Regulation 9: Placards, garbage management plans
 Summary

 Deals with different types of garbage

and specifies the distances from land
and the manner in which they may
be disposed of. The requirements are
much stricter in a number of "special
areas" but the most important
feature of the Annex is the complete
ban imposed on the dumping into the
sea of all forms of plastic.
 Entry into force: 31 December 1988
 Regulation 3: Disposal of
garbage outside special areas
 Prohibited:
 The disposal into the sea of all plastics
 Dunnage, lining and floating packing materials
if distance from nearest land is less than 25
nautical miles
 Food wastes and all other garbage is distance
from nearest land is less than 12 nautical miles
 Disposal of waste that has been through a
comminuter if distance is less than 3 nautical
miles.
 Regulation 4: Special
requirements for disposal of
garbage
 Disposal of any materials regulated by this
Annex is prohibited from fixed or floating
platforms and from all ships within 500m
of such platforms
 Disposal of food waste that has been
through a comminuter is permitted from
fixed and floating platforms and all ships
within 500m of these platforms, provided
it is located more than 12 nautical miles
from land
 Regulation 5: Disposal of
garbage within special areas
 Disposalof all plastics, paper products,
rags, glass, metal, bottles, crockery,
dunnage, lining and packing materials
are prohibited in:
 The Mediterranean Sea
 The Baltic Sea
 The Black Sea
 The Red Sea
 The Suez Canal
 The Gulfs Area
 The North Sea Area
 The Antarctic Area
 The Wider Caribbean Region
 Regulation 6: Exceptions
 This Annex shall not apply to:
Disposal of garbage from a ship
necessary for the purpose of securing
the safety of a ship or the life of a
person
The escape of garbage from a ship
resulting from damage to a ship or
equipment on board
The accidental loss of fishing nets
 Regulation 9: Placards, garbage
management plans and garbage
record keeping
 Every ship of more than 12m in length overall shall
display placards notifying crew and passengers of
regulations 3 and 5 of this Annex
 The placard shall be written in the official language
of the flag the ship is flying and also in English or
French
 Every ship of more than 400 gross tons shall carry a
garbage management plan which the crew shall
follow
 Every ship of more than 400 gross tons shall carry a
Garbage record book that shall record:
 Each discharge operation
 Entry date and time for each incineration and
discharge
 Any accidental discharge
 The garbage record book must be kept on board
Equipment
 Suchequipment should be of the
type which has been approved by
Governments in accordance with the
relevant resolutions adopted by the
Organization.
 Crude Oil Washer (COW)
 To wash down the
oil that has been
clot and is sticking
to the walls of the
tanks.
 Oil Water Separator
 Ithelp to separate
the oil from the
water before the
water is being
pump out of the
ship in not more
than 15 ppm.
 Sewage Treatment Plants
 Helpto treat the sewage so that it
would be free of bacteria before
they are being pump into the sea.
Oil/water interface detectors
 Monitor the amount of oil in waste
water while being discharge from the
ship and trigger the alarm when the
oil content exceed the permitted
level.