Hybrid
Renewable
Energy
Systems
SET – 5
Roll No : 647-
656
CONTENTS
1. Concept and Working of Hybrid 2. Examples of Hybrid Systems
Renewable Energy Systems
3. Solar-Wind vs Solar-Hydro: A 4. Designing a Solar-Hydro Hybrid
Comparison System
5. Role in Rural Electrification – Pros &
6. Solar-Diesel Hybrid System Operation
Cons
7. Grid Stability & Energy Security 8. Case Study: Smart Village Model
9. Trends & Research (2025) 10. HRES – Cost and Emission Benefits
11. Government Support 12. What’s Next for HRES?
13. Summary & Takeaways
01
Concept and Working of Hybrid
Renewable Energy Systems
Concept and Working of Hybrid
Renewable Energy Systems
Definition: HRES integrates two or more
1 renewable energy sources (e.g., solar, 2 Why Hybrid? To address the intermittency
wind, hydro) to ensure a continuous and of individual sources.
efficient power supply.
3 Principle: Complementarity — one source 4 Core Components: Renewable sources,
compensates when another is weak. converters, batteries, EMS, and load.
5 How It Works: Energy flows from
renewables → power conditioning →
storage/load → controlled by EMS.
Example: A remote village uses solar in daytime and wind at night for lighting and irrigation pum
Examples of Hybrid Systems
02
Examples of Hybrid Systems
1 2 3 4 5
Biomass-
Solar-Wind Solar-Hydro Solar-Diesel Wind-Diesel
Balances PV is primary;
Solar
PV meets peak Wind for base Biomass
day/night; diesel as
load; hydro energy, diesel supports 24/7
widely used in backup.
provides fills gaps. load; solar cuts
telecom
baseload. fuel use.
towers.
03
Fig 2 : Floating solar farm
Fig 1 : Hybrid street light
Solar-Wind vs Solar-Hydro: A Comparison
Feature Solar- Solar-
Hydro
Wind
Reliability Depends on High due to
sun/wind hydro’s steady
variability output
Efficiency Moderate High (less
(needs battery
robust dependence)
EMS)
Solar-Wind Cost Moderate High initial cost
vs Solar- (low PV +
wind cost,
storage
(hydro infra)
Hydro: A adds
expense)
Comparison Suitability Plains,
coastal
Hilly/mountain
areas with
regions water streams
Environmen Low (some Low (requires
tal Impact visual noise water
from solar-wind andregulation,
Table 1 : comparison between solar-hydro
turbines) potential
04
Designing a Solar-Hydro Hybrid System
Designing a Solar-Hydro Hybrid System
1 2 3 4 5
Resource Load Analysis Component Energy Control
Assessment Daily + Sizing Storage System
seasonal PV and hydro Use batteries Smart EMS
Solar: sun
demand profile. systems sized for PV switches
hours,
to meet fluctuations. between
orientation,
average and sources and
shadowing.
peak load. stabilizes
Hydro: head, output.
flow rate,
seasonality.
Initial vs.
Economic lifecycle cost,
6
Factors subsidy
availability.
.
Overview: Designing a
.
Solar-Hydro
Hybrid System
.
Fig 3 : solar-hydro hybrid system considerations
05
Role in Rural Electrification – Pros & Cons
Aspect Challeng Advantages
es
Technical Intermittency Reliable, scalable
, complex off-grid systems
control
systems
Economic High CAPEX, Lower OPEX, long
Role in Rural financing
gaps
-term savings,
Electrificatio subsidy potential
n – Pros & Social Community
training, land
Better lifestyle
, education, small
Cons disputes business growth
Environmenta Battery/panel Reduced CO₂
l
disposal, emissions, less
hydro
fossil fuel
flow changes
dependence
Table 2 : challenges and advantages in rural electrification
Fig 4 : world rural electrification rate and electrification growth rate
06
Solar-Diesel Hybrid System Operation
Solar-Diesel Hybrid System Operation
System Components
Fig 5 : solar-diesel hybrid system operation Working Logic
• Solar PV(photo voltaic → MPPT(Maximum Power Point Tracking→ Battery
• Daytime: Solar powers load, charges battery.
• Battery/Inverter → Load
• Night: Battery discharges.
• Diesel Generator → Inverter/Load
• Controller: Monitors SoC, starts diesel as • Low SoC: Diesel starts, powers load,
needed. charges battery if needed.
Solar-Diesel Hybrid
Feature / Factor Diesel-Only System
System
Partial diesel use;
Fully dependent on
Fuel Dependency solar offsets
diesel
consumption
High (due to constant Lower (saves fuel
Operating Cost
fuel usage) during sunny periods)
Reduced emissions
Carbon Emissions High CO₂ emissions due to solar
contribution
High reliability with
Good, but costly and
Reliability cleaner energy
polluting
support
Higher (due to solar +
Initial Cost Lower upfront cost
battery)
Moderate (fewer
Frequent (engine
Maintenance generator runtime
wear, fuel logistics)
hours)
Vulnerable to fuel Greater energy
Energy Security
Table 3 : diesel price/availability independence
– only system vs solar-diesel hybrid system
Solar PV-Diesel Hybrid System
.
.
.
.
Fig 5 : Solar PV-Diesel Hybrid System
07
Grid Stability & Energy Security
Grid Stability & Energy
Security
1 Stability
Distributed generation lowers transmission stress.
Enables “islanding” during grid failure.
Reduces risk of large-scale blackouts by decentralizing power sources.
Enhances voltage and frequency regulation through local balancing.
Supports integration of variable renewable energy (solar/wind) through
smart grid tech.
2 Security
Diversifies energy mix (solar, wind, hydro, bio, etc.).
Reduces diesel/oil import and fuel price volatility.
Empowers local communities with energy access.
Enhances resilience to natural disasters or geopolitical disruptions.
Promotes energy independence at national and regional levels.
Fig 6 : Grid Management
08
Case Study: Smart Village Model
Fig 7 : Village house with solar panel
Fig 8 : Agricultural field with solar panel
Case Study: Smart Village Model
Details
• 2025 Pilot: 200 Homes, Tamil Nadu
• System Setup: 50 kW Solar, 30 kW Wind, 80 kWh LTO Batteries
• Results:
• 90% Diesel Reduction
• Load coverage: 24/7 Lighting + Irrigation
• 5-Year ROI due to subsidies & low O&M Fig 9 : village with solar panel
09
Trends & Research (2025)
Trends & Research (2025)
Innovations
• AI-based EMS for predictive load control.
• Hydrogen storage with hybrid renewables.
• Perovskite solar cells + wind integration.
• Blockchain for peer energy trading in microgrids.
Fig 10 : AI-based smart grid concept
Data Point: IIT Delhi 2025: AI-EMS improved system efficiency by 14%.
10
HRES – Cost and Emission Benefits
HRES – Cost and Emi
Benefits
Fig 1 :
Points
Fig 11: Comparison of various costs
• 20–40% cheaper than diesel-only setups (long-term
• CO₂ Reduction: Up to 60 tons/year/microgrid.
• Rural employment from installation & maintenance.
OPEX :Operating expense
Fig 12 : Bar graph comparing OPEX of Diesel vs. HRES vs. Grid.
11
Government Support
Government Support
Initiatives
• PM-KUSUM: Solar pumps + hybrid incentives.
• Green Hydrogen Mission: Solar-wind for electrolyzers.
• Subsidies: 30–40% CapEx support for rural hybrids.
Update: By 2025, 50+ hybrid microgrids funded under MNRE rural Fig 13 : Green Hydrogen Mission
energy schemes.
USUM(Pradhan Mantri Kisan Urja Suraksha evam Utthaan Mahabhiyan (PM-KUSUM) Yojana.)
Initiatives
• Launched in March 2019 by the Ministry of New and
Renewable Energy (MNRE), Government of India.
• To support farmers in installing solar pumps and small solar power
plants, promoting decentralized solar power generation in rural areas.
Fig 15 : PM-KUSUM Yojana
Update: By 2025, 50+ hybrid microgrids funded under
MNRE rural energy schemes.
Fig 16 : features of PM kusum yojana
12
What’s Next for HRES?
What’s Next for HRES?
Key Directions
• Smart Cities: EV charging + hybrid stations.
• Floating Hybrid Plants: Solar + wind on reservoirs.
• Hybrid Integration with AI, Blockchain, IoT. Fig 17 : EV charging
Fig 19 : Ai integration
Quote: “Hybrid systems are the backbone of resilient Fig 18 : Floating Solar Panel
energy transitions.” – NITI Aayog, 2025
13
Summary & Takeaways
Summary & Takeaways
Fig 20 : Hybrid energy system
• HRES = Flexible, reliable, and clean power, suitable for both grid-connected and off-grid areas.
• Reduces diesel dependence, cuts fuel costs, and lowers carbon emissions.
• Plays a key role in rural development, enhancing energy access for farming, education, and local
businesses.
• Improves grid stability through distributed generation and reduced transmission stress.
• Supports energy security and resilience during power outages or fuel supply issues.
• Enables "islanding" operation — keeps local systems running even if the main grid fails.
• Boosts local economies through job creation in installation, maintenance, and solar tech.
• Smart system design, supportive policy, and community engagement are critical for success.
References
Thank You
