Media and

Information
Sources
Learning
Competency:

 contrast Indigenous
media to the more
common sources of
information such as a
library, the Internet

2
  This lesson was designed and written to
help you acquire the skills in finding
accurate and relevant information
sources.

Presentation title 3
 How should we
search for
information?
 What type of information is
needed?
 Where can these pieces of
information be found?
 Media and
Information
Sources

 In searching for information, one needs help

in locating appropriate and reliable sources
while also having access to them. There are
three main sources of information:
indigenous knowledge, libraries, and the
Internet. In many instances, sources of
information are also classified as primary,
secondary, and tertiary.
A. Indigenous Knowledge

 Indigenous knowledge is the distinctive knowledge

kept to a specific group of people. Local knowledge,
folk knowledge, people’s knowledge, traditional
wisdom, or traditional science

Presentation title 6
 • This is the knowledge we
inherited from our ancestors.

Indigenou Knowledge in farming

Use of natural resources
s Superstitions or beliefs
Creating music, art, or clothing
knowledg These are commonly passed on
e through:
• Stories (oral tradition)
• Rituals
• Songs or dances

7
 A. Indigenous Knowledge

•Fernandez (1994) said that this knowledge helps people

live well in their environment.

•Brouwers (1993) explained that people gain this

knowledge by observing nature,trying different ways, and
adjusting their methods as things change.

Presentation title 8
•According to Dewalt (1994), people with indigenous
knowledge follow certain beliefs and practices that help
protect nature and promote a good way of life.

Locally appropriate. Indigenous knowledge signifies a way

of life that has advanced with the local conditions.
Restraint in resource exploitation. Production is for
survival needs only; only those necessary for immediate
survival are taken from the environment.
Diversified production systems. There is no abuse of
resources; various strategies are utilized to avoid risks.

Presentation title 9
•According to Dewalt (1994), people with indigenous
knowledge follow certain beliefs and practices that help
protect nature and promote a good way of life.

Respect for nature. A ‘conservation ethic’ often exists. Here, the

land is treated as sacred.
Human dependence on nature for survival. All species are
interrelated; hence, one affects the other.
Flexibility. Indigenous knowledge means adapting to new
circumstances and being open to outside knowledge.
Social responsibility. There are strong family and community
ties, and with them, feelings of obligation and responsibility to
preserve the land for future generations.
Presentation title 10
 Hiligaynon
Tribe
Binukot Tradition
•Binukot means "kept or secluded".
•Young girls chosen for their beauty,
grace, or lineage are kept hidden from
public view.
•They are trained in oral epics
(sugidanon), traditional dance
(binanog), and chanting (ambahan).
•They symbolize purity and cultural
preservation.

Presentation title 11
 Atis of Panay
Slash-and-Burn Farming
• A traditional method where trees and
vegetation are cut and burned to
create farmland.
• They grow crops like corn, banana, root
crops.
• After a few years, the land is left to
rest, and they move to another site.
• This method is sustainable for them
because they farm small areas and
allow nature to recover. 12
 Payoh (Rice Terraces)
Igorot • “Payoh” is the local term for rice
terraces.
• Found mostly in Ifugao and Mountain
Province, the rice terraces are:
• Carefully carved out from
mountainsides.
• Irrigated using a natural water flow
system from mountaintop springs
and rivers.
• The most famous is the Banaue Rice
Terraces, often called the “Eighth
Wonder of the World.”
• These terraces are over 2,000 years old
and are a UNESCO World Heritage Site.
13
Igorot Muyung (Woodlot or Forest
Garden)
• The “muyung” system is a family-
owned forest area.
• It is well-managed, not just for wood,
but also for:
• Medicinal plants
• Fruit trees
• Water conservation
• Soil protection
• The Igorot believe that the mountain
forest must be cared for, as it is
sacred and life-giving.
14
Igorot Uma (Swidden Farms or Shifting
Cultivation)
• “Uma” refers to slash-and-burn
farming or swidden farming.
• A small area of forest is cleared and
burned, then planted with:
• Sweet potatoes
• Corn
• Vegetables
• After 2–3 years, the area is left to rest
and naturally regenerate, and a new
area is used.

15
 Hanunuo
•The Hanunuo Mangyan are one of
Mangyan
the eight Mangyan
indigenous groups living in the island
of Mindoro, Philippines.
•They are mostly found in the
southern part of Oriental Mindoro,
in areas like Bulalacao and
Mansalay.
•“Hanunuo” means "true" or
"genuine" in their language—
referring
•to their commitment to preserving
their culture and way of life.
Presentation title 16
 Hanunuo
Mangyan
What is “Kutkot”?
•“Kutkot” is a death ritual practiced by the
Hanunuo Mangyan.
•About one year after a loved one passes
away, the family digs up the remains of
the person.
•They then clean the bones and dress
them in clothes.
•This practice is done as a way of:
• Showing respect and remembrance
to the dead
• Reaffirming family bonds
• Helping the spirit move on peacefully 17
Lumad
Tribes
• The word “Lumad” means "native"
or "indigenous" in the Cebuano
language.
• It refers to the non-Muslim, non-
Christian indigenous peoples of
Mindanao.

18
Lumad
Tribes Way of Life and Culture
• The Lumad people live simply and
closely with nature.
• They rely on:
• Farming
• Hunting and fishing
• Weaving and crafting
• Storytelling and oral tradition
• They believe in nature spirits,
ancestors, and rituals.

19
Badjao Who Are the Badjao?

• The Badjao are one of the

indigenous groups in Mindanao
and the Sulu Archipelago.
• They are also called Sama-Bajau,
and are sometimes referred to as
"sea gypsies" or "sea nomads"
because of their way of life on
the water.

20
Badjao
Life on the Water
• The Badjao are called a sea tribe
because their entire life revolves
around the sea.
• Their main livelihood is fishing.
• They are expert divers, known to dive
deep underwater without scuba gear.
Homes on the Sea
• Some live in boats called lepa, which
serve as their homes while moving
from place to place.
• Others live in stilt houses built over the
water, near the shore.

21
 Aeta
Who Are the Aeta?
•The Aeta (also called Agta or Ayta)
are one of the earliest known
indigenous peoples in the
Philippines.
•They are often considered among
the first settlers of the islands, even
before the arrival of Malays and
Spaniards.
•They are known for their dark skin,
curly hair, and small build, which is
part of their Negrito heritage.
22
 B. Library

•As defined in Cambridge Dictionary, A library is “a building,

room, or organization that has a collection, especially of
books, music, and information that can be accessed by
computer for people to read, use, or borrow.”

Presentation title 23
 B. Library

Most libraries offer the following services:

User services function in linking people to the information they are

looking for.
Technical services function in gathering, cataloging, and preparing
library materials.
Computer services function in maintaining databases, software
programming, web page design, and computer hardware maintenance in
the library.
Administrative services function in managing the library and services,
conveying contracts with sellers, supervising library employees, and
preparing
Presentationbudgets.
title 24
 B. Library

Libraries are classified as academic, public, school, and special.

Academic libraries serve colleges and universities.

Public libraries serve cities and towns of all types.
School libraries serve students from Kindergarten to Grade
12.
Special libraries are located in specific environments (e.g.,
hospitals, corporations, museums, military, private business).
Presentation title 25
 C. Internet

Oxford Dictionary, the Internet is “a global computer network

providing a variety of information and communication facilities,
consisting of interconnected networks using standardized
communication protocols.”
Essays, UK (2018) describes the internet as a “network of networks”
consisting of millions of smaller domestic, academic, business, and
government networks.
Merriam Dictionary, Internet is also defined as the “worldwide
publicly accessible network of interconnected computer networks that
transmit data by packet switching using the standard Internet Protocol
(IP)”
Presentation title 26
 Other Classifications
of Information Sources

Presentation title 27
A. Primary Sources of Information

• Primary sources refer to “original materials.” These are

materials from a certain period of time that have not been
filtered, modified through analysis, interpretation, or
evaluation.
• are the bases of other researches. They are commonly the
raw products of written texts (print or electronic format).
• they show original thinking, present a discovery, or impart
new information.
Presentation title 28
A. Primary Sources of Information

Artifact. It refers to something made or created by humans, such as a tool or a work of art,
especially an object of archaeological interest.
Diary. It is a record with distinct entries organized by date reporting on daily activities or
other periods. It can be personal, which may include a person's experiences, thoughts, and/or
feelings.
Patent. This is the granting of a right to an inventor by a sovereign authority. This grant
affords the inventor exclusive rights to the patented process, design, or invention for a
designated period in exchange for a comprehensive disclosure of the invention.
Audio/ video recording.

Presentation title 29
A. Primary Sources of Information

• Other examples of primary sources include e-mails,

interviews, journal articles, letters, minutes of
meetings, conferences and symposia, newspaper
articles, original documents (e.g., birth certificate,
marriage certificate), photographs, records of
organizations, research survey results, speeches,
works of art, literature, architecture, and music,
and websites.
Presentation title 30
B. Secondary Sources of
Information

• Compared to primary sources, secondary sources

are not easily defined. Generally, written after an
original product, they usually aim to give reflection
or analysis. In short, they are analyses,
interpretations, and evaluations of primary sources.
Secondary sources are not proof, but rather
explanation on and discussion of evidence.
Presentation title 31
B. Secondary Sources of
Information

Indexes are typically found as one or more individual

volumes at the end of a set. Examples are index,
bibliography, indexing periodicals, and abstracting
periodicals.
Survey type involves the product of examination or
description of someone or something. Examples are reviews,
treatises, and monographs.
The reference type consists of materials collected from
others’ works such as encyclopedia, dictionary, handbook,
manual and critical tables.
Presentation title 32
C. Tertiary Sources of information

• Tertiary sources are commonly confused with

secondary sources. Tertiary sources involve
information that collects and organizes primary and
secondary sources. Tertiary sources include
bibliographies of bibliographies, directories and
yearbooks, guides to literature, and lists of
research in progress.
Presentation title 33
Thank you