INTRODUCTION TO
GLOBALIZATION
PRESENTED BY:
GELYSSA C. DE LEON
Origin of Globalization
• It came from a Latin word “globus” which mean globe in
English.
• In the 15th century the noun globe was used as spherical
representation of the earth.
• In the 17th century the adjective global was used.
• In the 19th century the term “world scale” popularized.
• In 1940 the verb “globalize” together with the term
“globalism” began to be used in a treatise published by
Oliver Reiser and Blodwin Davies titled “Planetary
Democracy”.
• In 1959 the word “globalization “ used in English
language.
• Modern era of globalization begin to accelerate in mid-
20th century.
• The first wave of globalization started in the Industrial
Revolution.
• The World Trade Organization was created to promote
international economic cooperation and trade after World
War II.
GLOBALIZATION
GLOBALIZATION
• The process of international integration arises from the
interchange of world views, products, ideas, and other
aspects of culture.
• Glocalization - The process of making a global product
locally relevant.
PHILOSOPHIES OF GLOBALIZATION
1. Liberal Philosophy
Definition: Globalization is a positive, progressive force that
promotes individual freedom, economic growth, democracy,
and human rights through international cooperation and free
markets.
• Human beings are rational and seek liberty and
prosperity.
• Free trade and open borders benefit all nations.
• Global institutions (e.g., UN, WTO) are essential for
• Key Thinkers: Immanuel Kant (early vision of perpetual
peace), John Locke (individual rights), Adam Smith (free
markets).
• Globalization Meaning: A pathway to a more
interconnected, peaceful, and prosperous world governed
by rule of law.
2. Marxist/Neo-Marxist Philosophy
Definition: Globalization is a form of capitalist expansion
that increases class inequality and exploits labor and
natural resources globally.
• Capitalism drives globalization to seek new markets and cheap
labor.
• Globalization increases the power of transnational corporations.
• The global North exploits the global South.
• Key Thinkers: Karl Marx, Immanuel Wallerstein (world-systems
theory), David Harvey (spatial fix).
• Globalization Meaning: A modern form of imperialism and
economic domination, leading to alienation and social injustice.
3. Postmodern Philosophy
Definition: Globalization is a complex, fragmented, and
often contradictory cultural and social process that
challenges grand narratives and fixed identities.
• Reality is constructed through language, symbols, and discourse.
• Globalization produces hybrid identities and fluid boundaries.
• Truth and meaning are relative and context-dependent.
Key Thinkers: Michel Foucault, Jean Baudrillard, Zygmunt Bauman.
Globalization Meaning: A destabilizing force that blurs traditional
categories (nation, identity, culture) and raises questions about
authenticity and power.
4. Communitarian Philosophy
• Definition: Globalization threatens the values, traditions,
and coherence of local communities by imposing
homogenized, global norms.
• Human beings are embedded in specific cultural and moral
communities.
• Globalization undermines social cohesion and moral order.
• The local must be protected against the global.
• Key Thinkers: Michael Sandel, Charles Taylor, Alasdair MacIntyre.
• Globalization Meaning: A challenge to ethical living and communal
identity, risking cultural loss and social fragmentation.
5. Cosmopolitan Philosophy
• Definition: Globalization is a moral and political
opportunity to recognize our shared humanity and
develop global justice and responsibility.
• All human beings are citizens of a single moral community.
• Global institutions should reflect universal human rights and
justice.
• Solidarity should extend beyond borders.
• Key Thinkers: Kwame Anthony Appiah, Martha Nussbaum,
Thomas Pogge.
• Globalization Meaning: A chance to build a more ethical and
globally accountable world order.
6. Environmental/Deep Ecology Philosophy
• Definition: Globalization is ecologically unsustainable and
reflects a worldview that prioritizes economic growth over
planetary well-being.
• Nature has intrinsic value beyond human use.
• Global capitalism harms the Earth through resource extraction
and pollution.
• Alternative forms of globalization are needed (e.g., eco-localism,
sustainability).
• Key Thinkers: Arne Naess, Vandana Shiva.
• Globalization Meaning: A critical turning point that demands
ecological balance, local resilience, and respect for the Earth.
7. Postcolonial Philosophy
• Definition: Globalization is shaped by historical power
imbalances rooted in colonialism and continues forms of
cultural and economic domination.
• Colonial histories continue to influence global power structures.
• Western globalization marginalizes non-Western voices and
traditions.
• Cultural diversity is often masked by global sameness.
• Key Thinkers: Edward Said, Gayatri Spivak, Homi Bhabha.
• Globalization Meaning: A contested space where cultural
resistance and decolonization must occur.
SUMMARY TABLE
Philosophy Globalization as... Core Concern Stance
Economic and political
Liberal Freedom, peace, prosperity Supportive
integration
Class inequality, labor
Marxist Capitalist exploitation Critical
exploitation
Cultural complexity and
Postmodern Identity, meaning, power Ambiguous
fragmentation
Threat to local values and Cultural integrity, moral
Communitarian Defensive
identity traditions
Cosmopolitan Opportunity for global justice Ethics, human rights Supportive
Ecological destruction and
Environmental Planetary limits, sustainability Critical
overconsumption
Neocolonial and cultural Historical injustice,
Postcolonial Critical
domination decolonization
Words that associated with globalization:
• 1.Interconnectedness – global interconnectedness, the
connection or oneness of entities and actors in a
globalized world.
• 2.Interdependence -global interdependence refers to the
mutual dependence of countries or nation-states.
• 3.Integration – global integration means the process of
organization of component elements.
• 4.Flows – rate of movement of goods, resources,
services, information and data.
Main competing conceptions of Globalization
1. Hyperglobalist Perspective
• Core Idea: Globalization is an unstoppable,
transformative force leading to the decline of the nation-
state and the rise of a borderless world.
• Emphasizes economic integration and the power of global
markets.
• Sees globalization as driven by technological
advancement and neoliberal capitalism.
• Portrays a world increasingly governed by global
institutions and networks.
• Proponents: Thomas Friedman, Kenichi Ohmae.
• Criticism: Overly optimistic or deterministic; downplays
local resistance and the continuing role of states.
2. Skeptical Perspective
Core Idea: Globalization is overstated; what is occurring is
regionalization or internationalization, not a truly global process.
• Argues that states and national economies remain central.
• Emphasizes that global economic activity is concentrated in triadic
regions (North America, Europe, East Asia).
• Views globalization as a political discourse used to justify
neoliberal policies.
Proponents: Paul Hirst and Grahame Thompson.
Criticism: May underestimate the extent of global interdependence
and cultural exchange.
3. Transformationalist Perspective
• Core Idea: Globalization is a complex, multidimensional
process that is reshaping societies, but not in a uniform or
predetermined way.
• Accepts that globalization transforms state power, but not
necessarily weakens it.
• Sees globalization as contingent, involving both
integrative and fragmentary tendencies.
• Highlights that the outcomes are uncertain and shaped by
various actors, including states, corporations, civil society,
and supranational organizations.
• Proponents: Anthony Giddens, David Held.
• Criticism: Can be vague or difficult to operationalize; lacks
clear predictive power.
The 3 different types of Globalization
• 1.Economically - linked by global trade and financial
transactions.
• 2.Culturally – new and traditional media expose us to
different cultures and practices.
• 3.Politically – linked by interactions and transactions
conducted by governmental and non-governmental
organizations.
SUMMARY TABLE
Perspective View of Globalization Role of State Normative Tone
Hyperglobalist Irreversible integration Declining Often positive
Skeptical Exaggerated or limited Central Often critical
Changing, not
Transformationalist Restructuring, complex Balanced, nuanced
disappearing
Economic Market-driven integration Facilitator or barrier Varies
Cultural diffusion or Cultural protector or
Cultural Varies
imperialism promoter
Political Reconfiguration of power Evolving role Contextual
Ideological Neoliberal project Enabler or resister Critical
GLOBALISM
Globalism
• Ideology of globalization
• The way of thinking
• Belief that global integration is generally beneficial.
Steger critiques core claims of globalism
• 1.Support for the worldwide liberalization and integration
of markets.
• 2.Articulation of the inevitability and irreversibility of
globalization.
• 3.Propagation of impersonal forces
• 4.Unimpeded globalization.
• 5.The spread of democracy around the world
• 6.The need for a war on terror.
GLOBALITY
Globality
• the state or condition in which things are global.
• No country or group can shut itself off from
others.
• Describe the idea that the world is becoming
increasingly interconnected.
Schafer 2007 3 epochs of globality
1.Preglobal – before globalization
2.Protoglobal – modern globalization, 19th
century
3.Global – entire world
Other interpretations about Globalization
• Beck 2009 - globalization is the process
through which sovereign national states are
interwoven and undermined by transnational
actors.
• Schafer – adds that globalization
points to a spatial expansion or
development that involve more of the
globe.
• Giovanni Reyes 2001- globalization has 2
principal meanings
1.Globalization is a phenomenon.
Globalization is a theory of economic
development.
Common critiques about Globalization :
1. It can lead to economic disparity and
cultural homogenization.
2. One significant effect of globalization on
global health is the spread of diseases.
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