ROHINI College of Engineering and Technology
(AUTONOMOUS)
Affiliated to Anna University Chennai, Approved by AICTE, New Delhi, Accredited By NAAC with A+ Grade
Kanyakumari Main Road,, Palkulam, Anjugramam, Tamil Nadu 629401
Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering
(Open Elective – IV)
AU3008 Sensors and Actuators
UNIT – I 1.6 Static Characteristics
INTRODUCTION TO MEASUREMENTS AND SENSORS
of Sensors
R.Padma Kumar,
Professor, Department of EEE
ROHINI College of Engineering & Technology
Dr.Jackson Daniel, Prof./ECE/ VII Sem./AU3008 Sensors and Actuators/2024-25
Static Characteristics
Some applications involve the measurement of quantities that are either
constant or vary slowly with time. Under these circumstances it is
possible to define a set of criteria that gives a meaningful description of
quality of measurement without interfering with dynamic descriptions
that involve the use of differential equations. These criteria are called
Static Characteristics.
Static Characteristics
Accuracy and Precision Static error
Sensitivity Threshold
Linearity Dead Time
Hysteresis Dead Zone
Repeatability and Reproducibility Loading Effect
Drift Resolution
Accuracy and Precision
Accuracy is the closeness with which an instrument reading approaches the true value
of the quantity being measured. Accuracy of a sensor is usually specified by error. The lower
the error, the better is the accuracy.
Precision is a measure of the reproducibility of the measurements, i.e., given a fixed value
of a quantity, precision is a measure of the degree of agreement within a group of
measurements. The high precision means the result of the measurements are consistent or
the repeated values of the reading are obtained
Sensitivity: Sensitivity is ratio of magnitude of the output signal or response to the magnitude
of input signal.
Linearity
Linearity refers to how well the relationship between the input
and output of the measurement system follows a straight line. A
perfectly linear system would produce output values
proportional to the input values
Hysteresis: Hysteresis occurs when the output of a measurement system varies
depending on whether the input is increasing or decreasing. It's a type of
nonlinearity and can introduce errors, especially in systems that encounter
changing conditions frequently.
Drift refers to the change in the output of a measurement system
over time, even when the input remains constant. This can be
caused by factors such as temperature variations, component
aging, and environmental changes
Repeatability is the closeness of measured values Reproducibility is the closeness of measured
between repeated measurements of the same thing, values between measurements of the same thing
carried out in different conditions as follows,
carried out at the same conditions as follows,
i. At the different place
i. At the same place
ii. By the different person
ii. By the same person iii. By the different method
iii. By the same Method iv. On the different equipment
iv. On the same equipment v. At the different time
v. Over short period of time.
Static Error:
Static error is defined as the difference between the measured value and true value of
the quantity.
Threshold:
The threshold is the minimum value of the input below which no
output is detected.
Dead Time:
Dead time is defined as the time required by a measurement system to begin to respond to a change
in the measurand.
Dead Zone:
It is defined as the largest change of input quantity for which there is no output of the instrument.
Loading Effect :
A transducer used for any measurement normally
extracts some energy from the measuring medium and
thereby disturbs the value of the measured quantity. This
property is known as the loading effect of the transducer.
Resolution:
If the input is slowly increased from some arbitrary (non-zero) input value, it will again be found that output
does not change at all until a certain increment is exceeded. This increment is called resolution or
discrimination of the instrument.
Resolution defines the smallest measurable input change while the threshold defines the smallest
measurable input.
Range and Span:
The scale range is defined as the largest reading that an instrument can read. Span is the difference
between the highest reading & the lowest reading.
Static Calibration:
Calibration procedures involve a comparison of the particular instrument with either (1) a primary standard,
(2) a secondary standard with a higher accuracy than the instruments be calibrated, or (3) an instrument of
known accuracy.
A static calibration is a calibration where the physical input does not vary significantly as a function of time.
Thank You
