Module 3

Two-Way Frequency Applications

1
Module Objectives

At the end of this module, you will be able to:

• Define frequency terms associated with RF Communications.

• Describe the FCC designated frequency bands.
• Describe the effects of range and terrain on two-way radio frequencies.
• Describe the bandwidth of a channel used by a two-way radio.
• Describe what frequency bands are available for use in various regions of the
world.
• Use a radio model number to determine its frequency band, power out, and
general characteristics.

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Module 3: Two-Way Frequency Applications
Course Structure

• Module 0 Course Introduction

• Module 1 Chronology
• Module 2 Introduction to Two-Way Radio
• Module 3 Two-Way Frequency Applications
• Module 4 Conventional Systems Overview
• Module 5 Trunking Systems
• Module 6 Modulation Concepts
• Module 7 Decibel Overview
• Module 8 Transmission Line and Antenna Theory
• Module 9 RF Propagation
• Module 10 RF Interference

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Module 3: Two-Way Frequency Applications
Module Outline

• Section 3.1 Frequency Terms Defined

• Section 3.2 FCC Designations
• Section 3.3 Effects of Range and Terrain on Two-Way Radio Frequencies
• Section 3.4 FCC Regulations
• Section 3.5 Subscriber Radio Model Numbering System
• Section 3.6 Transmitter/Receiver Performance Testing

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Module 3: Two-Way Frequency Applications
Section 3.1

Frequency Terms Defined

5
Frequency Terms Defined

The dictionary defines

frequency this way: “The
number of times a periodic
function repeats the same
sequence of values during
one complete variation
(usually one second).”

1 Cycle

In short, frequency is defined as the number of repeated events in one second.

Notice this relationship can be defined in the terms of Hertz. In the past, the term
was cycles per second. In equation form:
1
Frequency 
The time for one cycle

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Module 3: Two-Way Frequency Applications
Frequency Terms Defined

To express frequency in terms of time, we can use this equation:

1
Time 
The number of cycles/second

The amount of time for one complete cycle is described by the term period.

Period

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Module 3: Two-Way Frequency Applications
Section 3.2

FCC Designations

8
FCC Designations

• Normally the frequencies Frequency Designation Frequency Range

conveying the most Extremely Low Frequency
3 to 30 Hz
(ELF)
information or entertainment
Super Low Frequency (SLF) 30 to 300 Hz
fall in the range of 300 to
Ultra Low Frequency (ULF) 300 to 3000 Hz
10,000 Hertz.
Very Low Frequency (VLF) 3 to 30 kHz
• The ITU and the FCC Low Frequency (LF) 30 to 300 kHz
designate radio frequencies in Medium Frequency (MF) 300 to 3000 kHz
the following ranges: High Frequency (HF) 3 to 30 mHz
Very High Frequency (VHF) 30 to 300 mHz
Ultra High Frequency (UHF) 300 to 3000 mHz
Super High Frequency (SHF) 3 to 30 GHz
Extremely High Frequency
30 to 300 GHz
(EHF)
Tera Hz or Tremendously
High Frequency (THz or 300 to 3000 GHz
THF)

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Module 3: Two-Way Frequency Applications
FCC Designations

• Notice the audio spectrum is broken into three bands. These three bands serve
the following purposes:

Frequency Designation and Range Typical usage for two-way radio

SLF (30 to 300 Hz) Sub-audible tones and low speed digital
words used in two-way radio to operate
squelching or quieting circuits.
ULF (300 to 3000 Hz) Typical audio voice band for two-way
radio communication.
VLF (3 to 30 kHz) Frequency range of the noise spectrum
used to operate noise operated or
carrier squelch circuits in two-way radio.
Individual tones in this band (out-of-band
signaling) may be used for keying or
alarm signals in some communication
systems.

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Module 3: Two-Way Frequency Applications
FCC Designations

• For typical two-way communications, the VHF band and the UHF band are
designated in the following sub-bands:

Band Two-Way Designation Two-Way Frequency Range

VHF Lowband 25 mHz to 50 mHz
Midband 50 mHz to 88 mHz
Highband 136 mHz to 174 mHz
UHF UHF 380 mHz to 470 mHz
UHF-T 470 mHz to 512 mHz

800 mHz 806 mHz to 821 mHz

851 mHz to 866 mHz

Public Safety 821 mHz to 824 mHz

866 mHz to 869 mHz

900 mHz 896 mHz to 902 mHz

935 mHz to 941 mHz

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Module 3: Two-Way Frequency Applications
Section 3.3
Effects of Range and Terrain on Two-Way Radio
Frequencies

12
Effects of Range and Terrain on Two-Way Radio Frequencies

• Each frequency range has its own advantages and disadvantages. In two-way
radio, the choice of band is a series of compromises. These are based on:
– Legal requirements
– Ambient noise
– Desired range
– Type of terrain
– The type and number of surrounding buildings.
• Industrial areas tend to be noisier in terms of radio frequency interference and
electro-magnetic interference than suburban and rural areas. Tall buildings in the
cities will limit the performance of lower frequencies but in deserts and
mountainous terrains, the performance of higher frequencies will be limited.

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Module 3: Two-Way Frequency Applications
Effects of Range and Terrain on Two-Way Radio Frequencies

• In terms of noise and interference, compare the characteristics of the two-way

bands in the following chart:

Low Band High Band UHF 800/900 mHz

Extreme Low to Minimal Minimal None

• Now, let's compare the two-way bands in terms of range for Rural, Urban, and
Suburban areas.

Low Band High Band UHF 800/900

mHz
Rural High Good Fair Fair
Suburbs Good High Fair Fair
Urban Poor Good High High

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Module 3: Two-Way Frequency Applications
Effects of Range and Terrain on Two-Way Radio Frequencies

• Sometimes the frequency ranges can interfere in areas outside our desired
coverage area. The following factors will have an impact on the coverage area of
radio frequencies (RF):
– Antenna location
– Antenna directivity
– Power
– Terrain
– Weather conditions
• Low band is notorious for its "skip." We may have a system on the western Texas
desert, but get interference from Los Angeles or Buffalo because of this.
• Terrain can introduce seasonal factors in the 800 and 900 mHz bands. During the
late fall through early spring, there are no dead spots in our coverage, but from
spring to early fall, dead spots may occur.

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Module 3: Two-Way Frequency Applications
Section 3.4

FCC Regulations

16
FCC Regulations

• The Federal Communications Commission has allocated channel assignments

for various agencies and business use. Channel and bandwidth will be clarified in
this discussion. The dictionary defines channel as:
– “A frequency band assigned to a single transmitting station, as in radio,
television, telegraphy, and etc. The width and position of the band differ for
each type of transmission…”
– The FCC specifically defines the maximum bandwidth in Part 90, Subpart I,
90.209(4) as 20 kHz for frequency and phase modulated transmitters. There
are exceptions, for example, the 900 mHz band uses a lower maximum
bandwidth.

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Module 3: Two-Way Frequency Applications
FCC Regulations

• The FCC defines allocated channels bandwidth for each two-way band, Motorola
further breaks down the frequencies as follows:
VHF Lowband
• Motorola breaks the VHF Low Band into the following frequency ranges:
– 29.7 to 36 mHz
– 36.0 to 42 mHz
– 42.0 to 50 mHz

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Module 3: Two-Way Frequency Applications
FCC Regulations

• The FCC allocates the frequencies in 20 kHz channels.

20 kHz 20 kHz 20 kHz

39.20 39.22 39.24 39.26

20 kHz 20 kHz 20 kHz 20 kHz

CF CF CF CF CF

CF = Center Frequency

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Module 3: Two-Way Frequency Applications
FCC Regulations

VHF Highband
• Typically the VHF High Band range is from 150 to 174 mHz. Motorola produces
radios that operate in the following parts of the VHF High Band range:
– 136 to 162 mHz
– 146 to 174 mHz

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Module 3: Two-Way Frequency Applications
FCC Regulations

• The FCC allocates the VHF High band into 15 kHz bands. They require
frequency coordination prior to applying for station licensing.
– “For frequencies between 25 and 470 mHz: (1) A statement is required from the
applicable frequency coordinator as specified in 90.20(c)(2) and 90.35(b)
recommending the most appropriate frequency. In addition, for frequencies above 150
mHz, if the interference contour of a proposed station would overlap the service contour
of a station on a frequency formerly shared prior to radio service consolidation by
licensees in the Manufacturers Radio Service, the Forest Products Radio Service, the
Power Radio Service, the Petroleum Radio Service, the Motor Carrier Radio Service,
the Railroad Radio Service, the Telephone Maintenance Radio Service or the
Automobile Emergency Radio Service, the written concurrence of the coordinator for
the industry-specific service, or the written concurrence of the licensee itself, must be
obtained. Requests for concurrence must be responded to within 20 days of receipt of
the request. The written request for concurrence shall advise the receiving party of the
maximum 20 day response period. The coordinator's recommendation may include
comments on technical factors such as power, antenna height and gain, terrain and
other factors which may serve to minimize potential interference.”
Part 90: Subpart H: 90.175 (b)

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Module 3: Two-Way Frequency Applications
FCC Regulations

20 kHz

20 20 kHz
kHz

160.0200 160.035 160.050 160.065

15 kHz 15 15 kHz 15 kHz

CF CF CF
kHz

CF = Center Frequency

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Module 3: Two-Way Frequency Applications
FCC Regulations

UHF Band
– 403 to 430 mHz for federal and government use
– 450 to 470 mHz for normal uses (e.g., police, fire, and businesses)
– 470 to 512 mHz (shared with television stations)
• The FCC allocates the UHF frequencies typically in 25 kHz channels. In the 450
to 470 mHz range, frequencies are normally assigned in pairs with mobile station
transmit frequency 5 mHz above the paired base station transmit frequency. In
the 470 to 512 mHz range, the mobile station transmit frequency is 3 mHz above
the paired base station transmit frequency.

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Module 3: Two-Way Frequency Applications
FCC Regulations

25 kHz 25 kHz 25 kHz

457.725 457.750 457.775 457.800

20 kHz 20 kHz 20 kHz 20 kHz

CF CF CF

CF = Center Frequency

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Module 3: Two-Way Frequency Applications
FCC Regulations

• 800 mHz Band

• The 800 mHz band is broken down into the following frequency ranges:
– 806-821 mHz
• Mobile Transmit
• Base Station Receive
– 851-866 mHz
• Mobile Receive
• Base Station Transmit
– 821 to 824 mHz/866 to 869 mHz is allocated for Public Safety. Radios in this
part of the band use reduced deviation.

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Module 3: Two-Way Frequency Applications
FCC Regulations

25 kHz 25 kHz 25 kHz

851.0375 851.0625 851.0750 851.0875

20 kHz 20 kHz 20 kHz 20 kHz

CF CF CF

CF = Center Frequency

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Module 3: Two-Way Frequency Applications
FCC Regulations

• 900 mHz Band

• The 900 mHz band is broken down into the following frequency ranges:
– 896 to 902 mHz
• Mobile Transmit
• Base Station Receive
– 935 to 941 mHz
• Mobile Receive
• Base Station Transmit

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Module 3: Two-Way Frequency Applications
FCC Regulations

12.5 kHz 12.5 kHz 12.5 kHz

935.0375 935.0625 935.0750 935.0875

CF CF CF

13.6 kHz 13.6 kHz

13.6 kHz 13.6 kHz

CF = Center Frequency

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Module 3: Two-Way Frequency Applications
TASKSHEET

Lab Exercise: Frequency allocations

29
Lab Exercise

• Using the chart on the following pages, determine if the frequencies listed below
are possible FCC assigned frequencies for two-way radio communication for your
area. If they are, write „Yes” in the middle column, if not, write „No” in the middle
column and list the applicable user in the third column.

Frequency Allowed to Use? Designated User

49.030 mHz
137.060 mHz
139.150 mHz
145.240 mHz
150.000 mHz
152.030 mHz
156.775 mHz
161.081 mHz
403.000 mHz
440.075 mHz
450.050 mHz
460.175 mHz
851.0125 mHz
902.1875 mHz
939.1125 mHz

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Module 3: Two-Way Frequency Applications
Lab Exercise

Region 3:
Region 1: Region 2:
Asia, Australia, New
Europe, Africa, and all of North, Central, and South
Zealand, and South
Russia America
Pacific Islands
47-50 mHz 47-50 mHz
Fixed/Mobile Fixed/Mobile/Broadcasting
47-68 mHz
50-54 mHz Amateur
Broadcasting
54-68 mHz
54-68 mHz Broadcasting
Fixed/Mobile/Broadcasting
68-72 mHz Broadcasting
72-73 mHz Fixed/Mobile
68-74.8 mHz
73-74.6 mHz Radio 68-74.8 mHz Fixed/Mobile
Fixed/Mobile
Astronomy
74.6-74.8 mHz Fixed/Mobile
74.8-75.2 mHz Aeronautical Radio Navigation
75.2-75.4 mHz Fixed/Mobile
75.2-87.5 mHz 75.4- 76 mHz Fixed/Mobile 75.4-87 mHz Fixed/Mobile
Fixed/Mobile
76-88 mHz Broadcasting 87-100 mHz
87.5-100 mHz Broadcasting 88-100 mHz Broadcasting Fixed/Mobile/Broadcasting

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Module 3: Two-Way Frequency Applications
Lab Exercise

Region 3:
Region 1: Region 2:
Asia, Australia, New
Europe, Africa, and all of North, Central, and South
Zealand, and South
Russia America
Pacific Islands
100-108 mHz Broadcasting
137-138 mHz Space Operation/Meteorological-Satellite/Space Research
138-143.65 mHz
138-143.65 mHz 138-143.65 mHz
Aeronautical / Space
Fixed/Mobile/Space Fixed/Mobile/Space
Research
Research/Radiolocation Research
143.65-144 mHz
143.65-144 mHz 143.65-144 mHz
Aeronautical
Fixed/Mobile/Radiolocation Fixed/Mobile
144-146 mHz Amateur/Amateur-Satellite
146-148 mHz
146-149.9 mHz 146-148 mHz Amateur
Amateur/Fixed/Mobile
Fixed/Mobile
148-149.9 mHz Fixed/Mobile
149.9-150.05 mHz Radio navigation satellite
150.05-153 mHz
Fixed/Mobile/Radio
Astronomy 150.05-156.7625 mHz Fixed/Mobile
153-156.7625 mHz
Fixed/Mobile

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Module 3: Two-Way Frequency Applications
Lab Exercise

Region 3:
Region 1: Region 2:
Asia, Australia, New
Europe, Africa, and all of North, Central, and South
Zealand and the South
Russia America
Pacific Islands
156.7625-156.8375 mHz Maritime Mobile (Distress and calling)
156.8375-174 mHz Fixed/Mobile
174-223 mHz
174-216 mHz Broadcasting
Fixed/Mobile/Broadcasting
223-230 mHz
216-220 mHz Fixed/Mobile/Broadcasting/
174-230 mHz Broadcasting
Fixed/Maritime Mobile Aeronautical Radio
Navigation
220-225 mHz 223-230 mHz
Amateur/Fixed/Mobile Fixed/Mobile/Aeronautical
230-235 mHz Fixed/Mobile 225-235 mHz Fixed/Mobile Radio navigation
235-272 mHz Fixed/Mobile
272-273 mHz Space Operation/Fixed/Mobile
273-322 mHz Space Operation/Fixed/Mobile
322-328.6 mHz Fixed/Mobile/Radio Astronomy
328.6-335.4 mHz Aeronautical Radio navigation
335.4-399.9 mHz Fixed/Mobile

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Module 3: Two-Way Frequency Applications
Lab Exercise

Region 3:
Region 1: Region 2:
Asia, Australia, New
Europe, Africa, and all of North, Central, and South
Zealand, and South
Russia America
Pacific Islands
399.9-400.05 mHz Radio Navigation Satellite
400.05-400.15 mHz Standard Frequency and Time Signal Satellite (400.1 mHz)
401-402 mHz Meteorological Aids/Space Operation
402-406.1 mHz Meteorological Aids
406.1-410 mHz Fixed/Mobile/Radio Astronomy
410-430 mHz Fixed/Mobile
430-440 mHz
430-440 mHz Radiolocation
Amateur/Radiolocation
440-450 mHz Fixed/Mobile
450-470 mHz Fixed/Mobile

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Module 3: Two-Way Frequency Applications
Lab Exercise

Region 3:
Region 1: Region 2:
Asia, Australia, New
Europe, Africa, and all of North, Central, and South
Zealand, and South
Russia America
Pacific Islands
470-585 mHz
470-608 mHz Broadcasting
Fixed/Mobile/Broadcasting
586-610 mHz
470-790 mHz Broadcasting 608-614 mHz Radio
Fixed/Mobile/Broadcasting/
Astronomy
Radiolocation
614-806 mHz Broadcasting
790-862 mHz 806-890 mHz
Fixed/Broadcasting Fixed/Mobile/Broadcasting
890-902 mHz Fixed/Mobile 610-960 mHz
Fixed/Mobile/Broadcasting
862-960 mHz 902-928 mHz Fixed/Mobile
Fixed/Broadcasting 928-942 mHz Fixed/Mobile

942-960 mHz Fixed/Mobile

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Module 3: Two-Way Frequency Applications
Section 3.5
Subscriber Radio Model Numbering System

36
Old/New Model Numbering System and Equipment Information

• Looking at the model number of typical two-way radios can prove to be a big time
saver. The types of information that can be decoded are:
– The type of installation
– What kind of power output we can expect
– The frequency range of operation
– Squelch capability
– Features
• This chart will not provide information for every radio, but enough information can
be obtained to help in determining how test equipment could be set up or the
type of control head that may be required for proper operation.

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Module 3: Two-Way Frequency Applications
Old/New Model Numbering System and Equipment Information

Old System New System

• Position 1: Description of mounting or • Position 1: Type of Unit
installation
• Position 2: Model Description
• Position 2: Power Out
• Position 3: Model Description
• Position 3: Frequency Band
• Position 4: Frequency Band
• Position 4: Model Description
• Position 5: Power Out
• Position 5: Model Description
• Position 6: Physical Package
• Position 6: Input Power
• Position 7: Channel Spacing
• Position 7: Squelch Characteristics
• Position 8: Channel Capabilities
• Position 8: Channel Capabilities
• Position 9: System/Primary System
• Position 9: System/Primary System
• Position 10: Tier/Feature Level
• Position 10: Tier/Feature Level
• Position 11: Manufacturing Version
• Position 11: Manufacturing Version
• Position 12: Model Variations
• Position 12: Model Variations
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Module 3: Two-Way Frequency Applications
Old/New Model Numbering System and Equipment Information

Description of Mounting or Installation

Position 1 “OLD” System “NEW” System

A Pager
D Dash Mount
F Radio Telephone
Desk Top Base Desk Top Base Station/Laptop
L
Station Station (APX Radios
“COMPA Station”
C
Base Radio
H Handheld Handheld
T Trunk Mount Trunk Mount
Motor Cycle Mount (ASTRO-
M Spectra) (Mobile Radio for
ASTRO 25 Radios/APX)

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Module 3: Two-Way Frequency Applications
Old/New Model Numbering System and Equipment Information

Model Description

“OLD” System “NEW” System

Position 4 and 5 Position 2 and 3
*MW MAXTRAC 01 MC and GM series
*MQ MAXTRAC 02 ASTRO Saber
*FD SYNTOR X 9000E 04 ASTRO Spectra
*FX SYNTOR X 9000E SECURENET Capable 05 VISAR
*KM SPECTRA 09 XTS3000
*KX SPECTRA SECURENET Capable 18 XTS5000
20 XTL5000
21 XTL2500
24 XTS3500
28 XTL1500
30 APX 7500
46 XTS2500
66 XTS1500
67 MT1500
97 APX7000
98 APX6000

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Module 3: Two-Way Frequency Applications
Old/New Model Numbering System and Equipment Information

Frequency Band
“OLD” System “NEW” System
Position 3 Position 4
1 29.7 to 50 mHz A Less than 29.7 mHz
2 50 to 88 mHz B 29.7 to 35.99 mHz
3 136 to 174 mHz C 36 to 41.99 mHz
4 403 to 512 mHz D 42 to 50 mHz
806 to 825 mHz
5 F 66 to 80 mHz
851 to 870 mHz
6 G 74 to 90 mHz
896 to 902 mHz
7 H Product Specific
935 to 941 mHz
J 136 to 162 mHz
K 146 to 178 mHz
M 190 to 235 mHz
P 336 to 410 mHz
Q 403 to 437 mHz
R 438 to 482 mHz
S 470 to 520 mHz
T Product Specific
U 806 to 870 mHz
V 825 to 870 mHz
W 896 to 941 mHz

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Module 3: Two-Way Frequency Applications
Old/New Model Numbering System and Equipment Information

Power Output
“OLD” System “NEW” System
Position 2 Position 5
0 2 Watts or less A 0 to 0.7 Watts
1 2 to12 B 0.7 to 0.9 Watts
2 10 to 15 Watts C 1.0 to 3.9 Watts
3 15 to 25 Watts D 4.0 to 5.0 Watts
4 25 to 50 Watts E 5.1 to 6.0 Watts
5 50 to 65 Watts F 6.1 to 10 Watts
6 65 to 75 Watts G 10.1 to 15 Watts
7 75 to 100 Watts H 16 to 25 Watts
8 100 Watts or greater J 26 to 35 Watts
K 36 to 60 Watts
L 61 to 110 Watts
M Up to 125 Watts
N 1 to 25 Watts
P 25 to 40 Watts
Q 25 to 45 Watts
R 10 to 35 Watts
S 10 to 50 Watts
T 25 to 110 Watts

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Module 3: Two-Way Frequency Applications
Old/New Model Numbering System and Equipment Information

Input Power Physical Package

“OLD” System “NEW” System

Position 6
Position 6 A RF Modem Operation
B Receive Only
A 12 VDC (ext supply) C Standard Control – No Display
B 120v AC D Standard Control – With Display
E Limited Keypad – No Display
C DC Source () F Limited Keypad – With Display
G Full Keypad – No Display
D 120 VAC/12 VDC H Full Keypad – With Display
J Limited Controls – No Display
G 120/240 VAC and 12 VDC K Limited Controls – Basic Display
L Limited Controls – Limited Display
M Rotary Controls – Standard Display
K 120 VAC/240 VAC N Enhanced Controls – Enhanced Display
P Low Profile – No Display
Q Low Profile – Basic Display
R Low Profile – Basic Display – Full Key Pad
S Transceiver with Selectable Control Head
T
U
V VDV Control Head
W Control #2

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Module 3: Two-Way Frequency Applications
Old/New Model Numbering System and Equipment Information

Squelch Characteristics Channel Spacing

“OLD” System “NEW” System

Position 7 Position 7
1 Carrier Squelch 1 5 kHz
Carrier Squelch plus extender (Low Band 2 6.25 kHz
2
only)
3 10 kHz
3 Private Line (PL) Tone coded squelch
Private Line (PL) plus extender (Low Band 4 12.5 kHz
4 5 15 kHz
Only)
5 Trunked radio 6 20/25 kHz
Digital Private Line (DPL) Tone coded 7 30 kHz
6
squelch 9 Variable/Programmable
7 Mixed Squelch
Digital Private Line (DPL) plus extender
8
(Low Band Only)

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Module 3: Two-Way Frequency Applications
Old/New Model Numbering System and Equipment Information

Channel Capabilities**

“OLD” System Primary Operation

Position 8 Position 8
0 1 TX Channel and 1 RX Channel (T1R1) A Conventional – Simplex
1 Narrow spacing (Bases and portables) B Conventional – Duplex
3 2 TX Channel and 2 RX Channel (T2R2) C Trunked Twin Type
5 5 Tone (pagers) D Dual Mode Trunked
8 T666/R666 (Radiotelephones) E Dual Mode Trunked/Duplex
9 4 TX Channel and 4 RX Channel (T4R4) F Trunked Type I
G Trunked Type II
B 5 Channels
H FDMA Digital Dual Mode
G 20 Channels
J TDMA Digital Dual Mode
K Single Sideband
L Global Position Satellite Capable
Amplitude Companded Single Sideband
M
(ACSB)
P Programmable
Q Digital Interconnect
R Digital Multi-Service
S 9600 Capable
T TDMA

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Module 3: Two-Way Frequency Applications
Old/New Model Numbering System and Equipment Information

System/Primary System
“OLD” System “NEW” System
Position 9 Position 9
A Conventional A Conventional
B Privacy Plus B Privacy Plus
C SMARTNET II C Clear SMARTNET
E SMARTZONE D Advanced Conventional STAT-Alert
W ASTRO E Enhanced Privacy Plus
F Nauganet 888 Series
G Specialized Radio (JSMR)
H Multi-Channel Access (MCA)
J CoveragePLUS
K MPT 1327 - Public
L MPT 1327 - Private
M Radicom
N Tone Signaling
P Binary Signaling
Q Phonet
W Programmable
X Secure Conventional
Y Secure SMARTNET
Z TETRA
2 Smartzone

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Module 3: Two-Way Frequency Applications
Old/New Model Numbering System and Equipment Information

Tier Level/Feature Level

“OLD” System “NEW” System

Position 10 Position 10
0 No Variation
1 Numeric Display Pager 1 Basic
2 Omni-short portable case 2 Limited Package
3 Basic Control Head (No Keypad) 3 Limited Plus
4 Handheld Control Head 4 Intermediate
Enhanced Control Head (Control
5 5 Standard Package
Keypad)
Enhanced Control Head (Full
7 6 Standard Plus
Keypad)
9 Full Featured 7 Expanded Package
8 Expanded Plus
9 Full Featured/Programmable

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Module 3: Two-Way Frequency Applications
Old/New Model Numbering System and Equipment Information

Position 11
• Describes major manufacturing versions in the “Old” and “New” model number
systems.
• This can be an impact on the ability to use our current version of radio service
software.
Position 12
• Describes the model and packaging variations.
• N - Used for operation in most of the world
• C - Cenelec, radio will be used only in Europe. Europe has strict guidelines on PA
ramp up/ramp down times, so these radios have a different PA.

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Module 3: Two-Way Frequency Applications
TASKSHEET

Lab Exercise: Radio Characteristics

49
Lab Exercise

Arrange the characteristics of the typical two-way radio frequency bands in terms of
range and noise from best to worst.

Range Noise

Best __________________ Best __________________

__________________ __________________

__________________ __________________

__________________ __________________

__________________ __________________

Worst __________________ Worst __________________

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Module 3: Two-Way Frequency Applications
Lab Exercise

2. List the typical channel separation for the following bands:

Noise

VHF (Lowband) __________________ kHz

VHF (Highband) __________________ kHz

UHF __________________ kHz

800 mHz__________________ kHz

900 mHz__________________ kHz

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Module 3: Two-Way Frequency Applications
Lab Exercise

3. List the typical receiver and transmitter separation for mobile to base operation:

Noise

VHF (Lowband) __________________

VHF (Highband) __________________

UHF __________________

800 mHz__________________

900 mHz__________________

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Module 3: Two-Way Frequency Applications
Lab Exercise

4. Complete the table below using the subscriber radios provided by the instructor.

Model Number Power Frequency Physical Description

Output Band (CH Type, keypad, etc.)

Think about how this information can be used by an Installer, Bench Technician,
Newly Hired Technician, Sales Representative, or Field Engineer.

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Module 3: Two-Way Frequency Applications
Section 3.6
Transmitter/Receiver Performance Testing

54
Subscriber Radio Performance Checks

• Subscriber radio performance checks are used to ensure that the radio meets
published specifications. These checks are also done on Base Radios for the
same reason.
• Common tests done include:
– Reference Frequency
– Rated Audio
– Distortion
– Receiver Sensitivity (SINAD)
– Noise Squelch Threshold
– RF Power Out
– Voice/PL/Secure Modulation

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Module 3: Two-Way Frequency Applications
SINAD Defined

• SINAD stands for Signal-to-noise and distortion ratio. It is a measure of the

quality of a signal from a communications device, often defined as

Psignal  Pnoise  Pdistortion

SINAD 
Pnoise  Pdistortion

• where P is the average power of the signal, noise and distortion components.
SINAD is usually expressed in dB and is quoted alongside the receiver RF
sensitivity, to give a quantitative evaluation of the receiver sensitivity.**
**Wikipedia.org

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Module 3: Two-Way Frequency Applications
Conducting Performance Tests

• Performance tests are always done in a logical order. For a Motorola radio, a
technician should follow the chart shown in the Basic Service Manual (usually
chapter 5).
• The first test performed is Reference Frequency. This checks the reference
oscillator of the radio. The reference oscillator provides a reference signal to the
Synthesizer, which keeps the radio on the programmed frequency. If it is not on
the correct frequency, there is no way the radio can pass a SINAD test later.
• Rated Audio is checked next. The volume of the radio is increased to a set value.
This causes the maximum amount of distortion from the speaker.
P  Pnoise  Pdistortion
SINAD  signal
Pnoise  Pdistortion

• If measured now, SINAD would be at a high value (a „good”value).

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Module 3: Two-Way Frequency Applications
Conducting Performance Tests

• Once Rated Audio is done, Distortion is checked to ensure it is below the

manufacturers guidelines (a common specification is <3%).
NOTE:
When conducting the performance checks, if a distortion value of 20% or more is
seen, you will see a constant SINAD value of 12dB, no matter how much power
(dBm) is injected into the receive front end. This is due to the distortion value being
so high that it overrides the contribution from the Signal component

P  Pnoise  Pdistortion
SINAD  signal
Pnoise  Pdistortion

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Module 3: Two-Way Frequency Applications
Conducting Performance Tests

• With the Distortion Check done, SINAD is done next. The power in to the
Receiver front end is lowered to a specified value, then slowly lowered from there
until the 12dB SINAD point is reached. It should reach the SINAD point before
the specification of the manufacturer.
• As the signal is lowered, the Noise component will increase as the signal
weakens (Noise components remain the same, but the ratio of noise to power
changes significantly). The distortion component is relatively constant, but may
increase slightly due to the increase in the Noise component.

P  Pnoise  Pdistortion
SINAD  signal
Pnoise  Pdistortion

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Module 3: Two-Way Frequency Applications
Conducting Performance Tests

• With the Receive side done, the Transmitter is then checked.

• If the Reference Frequency check was done earlier, there is no need to perform
the check again. Most manuals show this check on both transmitter and receiver.
• The first check done is RF Power. The radio is keyed, and power out is monitored
on a Service Monitor.
• Voice modulation (external) is done next to ensure the radio modulates the signal
correctly. This check uses a Service Monitor with a fixed 1kHz tone output at a
specified level.
• Voice modulation (internal) is done by disconnecting the Service Monitor, and
speaking loudly into the microphone.
• PL modulation is done (if the radio is programmed on a Conventional Channel),
as well as Secure modulation (if the radio has a secure module).

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Module 3: Two-Way Frequency Applications
TASKSHEET
Lab Exercise: Quantar Performance Checks

61
Quantar Base Radio Operational Check

• Check for proper „Power On” sequence.

– If the station is operating, power down the station
– Power up the station and check for proper power up sequence per the
Installation Tab, Page 54-55 of the Quantar Manual
• Check Transmitter Operation
– Verify Transmitter Operation (Ref: Quantar Manual, Maintenance &
Troubleshooting Tab, page 10 - 13).
• The following test equipment is needed to perform this check:
̶ Motorola R2001/2670 Service Monitor.
̶ Telephone style handset with PTT switch
̶ Inline wattmeter (Motorola Model S-1350 or equivalent)
̶ Dummy load (50, Rated for Station Wattage)

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Module 3: Two-Way Frequency Applications
Quantar Base Radio Operational Check

– Connect the test equipment by connecting a BNC cable from the RF I/O port
on the Service Monitor to the Transmitter Antenna Connection. (NOTE: In the
classroom, there is an RF transmit test connection on the front of the
Quantar rack to the right of the „Forward and Reflected” power meters.)
If doing this directly from the transmit antenna connection, minimize the
amount of time the transmitter is keyed, and do not apply >100 watts power
to the Service Monitor.
– Connect the handset to the RJ-11 connector on the SCM front panel.

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Module 3: Two-Way Frequency Applications
Quantar Base Radio Operational Check

– Press the PTT button and observe LED indications on the Exciter Module
front panel.
• If the PA Low or PA Fail LED is lit, suspect the following:
̶ Power Amplifier Module Failure
̶ Exciter Module Failure
̶ Loose or bad Exciter to PA RF Cable
̶ Loose or bad PA to Antenna RF Output Cable
̶ RF Output cable not properly terminated
• If the Tx Lock LED is off, suspect the following:
̶ Faulty Station Control Module
̶ Exciter Module Faulty backplane

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Module 3: Two-Way Frequency Applications
Quantar Base Radio Operational Check

– Record RF power output indicated on the wattmeter on the Quantar stand

while PTT is pressed (If done in the classroom). If this is being done in the
field, then read the output power displayed on the in line wattmeter. Record
RF power out observed when PTT is pressed.
• If PA output is not at the proper power, align the output power per the
Radio Service Software Instruction Manual (RSSIM) (Windows version)
Chapter 6, Table 6.1 (Proper power level is the power level prescribed for
your site, and can be found using the Configuration TAB, then Hardware
Configuration TAB to view the screen of the Radio Service Software (Refer
to Chapter 2.13-2.17 of the RSSIM).

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Module 3: Two-Way Frequency Applications
Quantar Base Radio Operational Check

– If the power output is satisfactory, set up the Service Monitor for spectrum
analyzer display as follows:
• Turn on the Service Monitor.
• Press the RF soft key to place the cursor in the RF area of the screen.
Select the „Monitor” function in the „RF Control” display by using soft keys.
• Set the Service Monitor to display the Quantar Transmit frequency.
– Ensure that Modulation type is set to FM and RF I/O is selected in the „Mon
RF In” display.
– Select the Display area of the Service Monitor by pressing the „Disp” key on
the Service Monitor.
– Select RF Display in the "Meter" field.
– Select "Spectrum Analyzer" in the Display field.

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Module 3: Two-Way Frequency Applications
Quantar Base Radio Operational Check

– Ensure the Service Monitor is still set to monitor the Quantar transmit
frequency, then press the PTT button on handset.
• A sharp peak should be seen on the Service Monitor scope centered on
the center vertical line of the scope.
̶ If the display shows multiple carriers evenly spaced about the carrier,
suspect a faulty PA module or faulty +5 V/IPA Module
̶ If the display shows a solid carrier but off frequency, suspect the
following
• Faulty Exciter or Station Control Module
• Faulty External 5 mHz reference source
̶ If the display shows a single carrier moving erratically, suspect
• Faulty Station Control Module
• Faulty Exciter Module
• Faulty PA Module
– Record the Frequency Error

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Module 3: Two-Way Frequency Applications
Quantar Base Radio Operational Check

– If the display is satisfactory, set up the Service Monitor to display modulation

by selecting "Modulation Scope" in the "Display" field. Using the handset,
press the PTT button and speak into the mouthpiece. Verify that the display
shows a proper modulation trace.
• If the correct display is not obtained, suspect a faulty SCM or Exciter
Module .
– Press the PTT button and speak loudly into the mouthpiece to cause
maximum deviation. The deviation display in the top portion of the display field
should read ±5 kHz maximum.
• If the proper display is not obtained, suspect a faulty SCM or Exciter
Module.

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Module 3: Two-Way Frequency Applications
Quantar Base Radio Operational Check

• Check Receiver Operation – Verify Receiver Operation (Ref: Quantar Manual,

Maintenance & Troubleshooting Tab, page 14 - 16)
– The following test equipment is required to perform this procedure:
• Motorola R2001/2670 Service Monitor
• Telephone-style handset with PTT switch
• Female N-Type to male N-type coaxial cables
• RJ-11 to BNC cable (SINAD Cable) (Motorola part #01-82069W01)
• Dummy load (50, rated for station wattage or higher) required for
repeater stations only
– Connect the Service Monitor to the QUANTAR by connecting the BNC cable
to the Service Monitor RF I/O jack and the QUANTAR Receive antenna port

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Module 3: Two-Way Frequency Applications
Quantar Base Radio Operational Check

– Connect the handset to the RJ-11 jack on the Station Control Module. If the
station is equipped with an internal speaker, you can use that instead of the
handset.
– Press the volume up button three times, then disable PL and carrier squelch
by repeatedly pressing the PL/CSQ/Off button until receiver noise is heard in
the handset or internal speaker. If no audio is heard, suspect the following:
• Faulty Receiver Module
• Faulty Station Control Module
• The Service Monitor is outputting a carrier
– Set the Service Monitor to generate a .5μv (-113 dBm) FM signal by pressing
the "RF" soft key on the Service Monitor and selecting "Generate RF" in the
"RF Control" display by using soft keys

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Module 3: Two-Way Frequency Applications
Quantar Base Radio Operational Check

– Select the "Output level" field and enter "-113"

– Set the Service Monitor to generate the Quantar receive frequency in the
"frequency" field
– Select "audio" on the Service Monitor by using soft keys
– Set the "Fixed 1 kHz tone" modulated by a 3 kHz deviation by entering 3.00 in
the "Fixed 1 kHz" field. Enable the modulation by pressing the right arrow to
move the cursor to the right of the "Fixed 1 kHz" field and pressing the soft
key (~) below the Display to turn the tone on. If no audio is heard, suspect the
following:
• Faulty Station Control Module
• Faulty Receiver Module
• Faulty antenna-to-receiver preselector cable
• Faulty Service Monitor-to-Quantar BNC cable

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Module 3: Two-Way Frequency Applications
Quantar Base Radio Operational Check

– If audio is heard, connect the “RJ-11 to BNC cable (Quantar SINAD Cable)” to
the “Vert/SINAD/Dist/DVM Counter In” BNC connector on the Service Monitor,
and the RJ-11 end to the Station Control Module lower RJ-11 jack. On the
R2001 Service Monitor, this BNC jack is labeled Oscilloscope In.
– Set the cursor to the "Display" portion of the screen, & select SINAD in the
"meter" field using the soft keys on the bottom.
– Select External Scope in the "Display" field of the Service Monitors display
section.
– Adjust the vertical and horizontal settings of the scope as necessary to obtain
a sine wave display.
– Use the volume up button on the QUANTAR to increase volume to maximum.
Measure the audio level using the Service Monitor. Audio level should
measure approximately .75 to 1.5 volts peak to peak. Record the audio level
observed on the Scope.

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Module 3: Two-Way Frequency Applications
Quantar Base Radio Operational Check

– Change the Service Monitor injection signal level to .25 μv (–119dBm) for a
VHF QUANTAR, or .30 μv (–117 dBm) for a UHF or 800/900 mHz QUANTAR
– Record the Receiver 12 dB SINAD sensitivity by reading the Bar Graph in the
top portion of the display area. The value should read 12 dB or greater. If not,
tune the pre-selector (VHF/UHF only), and recheck the 12 dB SINAD. If 12 dB
SINAD cannot be achieved, replace the Receiver Module. If the value is
greater than 12dB, lower the injection signal strength until the value does read
12 dB. Check the injection level once 12 dB is reached. For every 3 dBm
below -119 dBm (-117 dBm), power level into the receiver is ½ the original
value.

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Module 3: Two-Way Frequency Applications
 Review Question 1

What is the relationship between frequency and time?

Frequency is inversely proportional to time.

Frequency is directly proportional to time.

Frequency is equal to 1 divided by the time it takes to complete one cycle.

Time is equal to 1 divided by the frequency of the RF Carrier.

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Module 3: Two-Way Frequency Applications
 Review Question 2

What is the best frequency band for use in an Urban area?

VHF Low Band

VHF High Band

SHF

700/800 mHz

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Module 3: Two-Way Frequency Applications
 Review Question 3

What are three of the radio’s capabilities that a model number signifies? (Use the
"New" model number system)

Power Out, Frequency Band, Squelch Characteristics

Frequency Band, Channel Spacing, Input Power

Channel Spacing, Input Power, Squelch Characteristics

Power Out, Channel Spacing, Frequency Band

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Module 3: Two-Way Frequency Applications
 Review Question 4

The 900 mHz band has a channel spacing of 25 mHz.

True

False

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Module 3: Two-Way Frequency Applications
End of Module
You should now be able to:​
• Define frequency terms associated with RF Communications.
• Describe the FCC designated frequency bands.
• Describe the effects of range and terrain on two-way radio
frequencies.
• Describe the bandwidth of a channel used by a two-way radio.
• Describe what frequency bands are available for use in
various regions of the world.
• Use a radio model number to determine its
frequency band, power out, and general
characteristics.

78