IN THE NAME OF ALLAH WHO IS THE

MOST BENEFICENT AND THE MOST1

MERCIFUL
National Transmission and Despatch Company Ltd

Measurement and Relay

Indications
PCC-OG-140

PRESENTED BY:
ENGR: SYED GHULAM MUSTAFA
Deputy Manager (Technical)
o/o Chief Engineer TSG (South) NTDC HYderabad
 CONTENTS

INTRODUCTION
FUNCTIONS OF PROTECTION SCHEMES
CLASSIFICATION OF PROTECTIVE RELAYS BASED ON
TECHNOLOGY

INDICATIONS
Q&A
FUNCTIONS OF
PROTECTION
SCHEMES
 To sense/detect the fault occurrence and other abnormal
conditions at the protected equipment/area/section.
 To operate the correct circuit breakers so as to disconnect
only the faulty equipment/area/section as quickly as possible,
thus minimizing the damage caused by the faults.
 To operate the correct circuit breakers to isolate the faulty
equipment/area/section from the healthy system in the case
of abnormalities like overloads, unbalance, undervoltage,
etc.
 To clear the fault before the system becomes unstable.
 To identify distinctly where the fault has occurred.
CLASSIFICATION OF
PROTECTIVE RELAYS
BASED ON TECHNOLOGY
 Protective relays can be broadly classified into the following
three categories, depending on the technology they use for
their construction and operation.

1. Electromechanical relays
2. Solid state (static) relays
3. Digital / numerical relays
CLASSIFICATION OF
PROTECTIVE RELAYS
BASED ON TECHNOLOGY
1. Electromechanical relays

 The oldest type of relay.

 First generation of electromechanical relay which came in
1901.
 Operate based on the regulation of mechanical force
generated through the flow of current in windings
wounded on magnetic core.
CLASSIFICATION OF
PROTECTIVE RELAYS
BASED ON TECHNOLOGY
1. Electromechanical relays –
thermal relay

- Operates on the principle

of heating effect of
electrical current.
- When the overload
condition is detected, the
bimetal strips bend and
allow the trip contact to
energize the trip circuit.

THERMAL
RELAY
CLASSIFICATION OF PROTECTIVE
RELAYS BASED ON TECHNOLOGY
1. Electromechanical relays – attracted
armature relay

- Operates on the principle of

electromagnetic force
produced which attracts the
plunger or hinged armature.
- When the electromagnetic
force exceeds the restraining
force, the moving contact
closes due to the movement
of the armature.
Hinged type Plunger
type

ATTRACTED ARMATURE RELAY

CLASSIFICATION OF
PROTECTIVE RELAYS
BASED ON TECHNOLOGY
1. Electromechanical relays –
induction relay

- Operates on the principle

of electromagnetic
induction.
- Operating force is
developed due to the
interaction of two AC flux
displaced in time and
space in movable element
(rotor).
Induction disc Induction cup
relay relay
INDUCTION
RELAY
CLASSIFICATION OF
PROTECTIVE RELAYS
BASED ON TECHNOLOGY
1. Electromechanical relays – balance
beam relay

- Operating coil produces

operating torque, whereas
restraining coil produces
restraining torque.
- The electromagnetic force of
both coils are in opposition.
- When operating torque exceeds
restraining torque, the
movement of armature closes
the contact.
BALANCE BEAM
RELAY
CLASSIFICATION OF
PROTECTIVE RELAYS
BASED ON TECHNOLOGY
1. Electromechanical
relays

Alstom IDMT earth fault relay Alstom Check Synchronising

Relay

EXAMPLES OF ELECTROMECHANICAL RELAY

CLASSIFICATION OF
PROTECTIVE RELAYS
BASED ON TECHNOLOGY
1. Electromechanical
relays
ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES
 Fast operation and can be reset  Have high VA burden thus require
fast. high
 Simple construction. burden CTs and VTs to operate
 Reliable and rugged. them.
 The values can be easily  Do not have directional feature.
set and no programming  Affected by the ageing of
is required. components, dust and
 People can be trained on pollution resulting in spurious
these relays trips.
easily.  Operation speed is limited by
the
mechanical inertia of the
component.
 One relay can only perform one
function (multifunctioning not
possible).
CLASSIFICATION OF
PROTECTIVE RELAYS
BASED ON TECHNOLOGY
2. Solid state (static)
relays
 Due to the advent electronic devices such as
transistor,
of ICs, chips etc. diode,
 Second generation of
relays.
 Came
 More intoaccurate
operationand
in higher reliability compared
1950s.
with electromechanical relays.
CLASSIFICATION OF
PROTECTIVE RELAYS
BASED ON
TECHNOLOGY
2. Solid state (static) relays

 The static means the relay has no moving part.

 The semiconductor devices are used for data processing
and also to create relay characteristic.
 Lower relay burden due to no moving parts thus further
reduces the CT/VT requirement.
 Require separate DC power supply.
CLASSIFICATION OF
PROTECTIVE RELAYS
BASED ON - The secondary current from CT is
TECHNOLOGY rectified, filtered and fed to timing
and curve shaping circuit.
2. Solid state (static) - The output of timing circuit is then
relays given to level detector which
compares between relay and
reference quantities.
- When the magnitude of relay
quantity exceeds the magnitude
of reference quantity, it generates
a voltage signal.
- The voltage signal is then
amplified by amplifier block and
fed to tripping circuit.
- Finally, the tripping circuit
Generalized block diagram of static time overcurrent generates a tripping command
relay and send to trip coil of circuit
EXAMPLE OF STATIC RELAY BLOCKbreaker.
DIAGRAM
CLASSIFICATION OF
PROTECTIVE RELAYS
BASED ON TECHNOLOGY
2. Solid state (static)
relays

GEC Alstom Static Distance Protection GEC Static Differential Protection

Relay Relay
EXAMPLES OF STATIC
RELAY
CLASSIFICATION OF
PROTECTIVE RELAYS
BASED ON TECHNOLOGY
2. Solid state (static)
relays
ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES
 Do not contain moving parts – thus  Electronic devices are more
free from problems such as contact sensitive to voltage spike and
bouncing, arcing, erosion and other transients that can cause
friction. malfunction.
 Significantly less burden on  Require auxiliary DC to operate.
instrument transformers  Has low short time overload
(CT/VT). capacity.
 Can incorporate variety of functions in  The characteristic of electronic
a single unit. devices are affected by
 Quick response and reset action. temperature and ageing of
 Greater sensitivity can be obtained by semiconductor devices.
using  Costlier compared to
amplification block. electromechanical relay.
 Superior characteristic and accuracy.  Require highly trained persons to
service static relay which has complex
protective functions.
CLASSIFICATION OF
PROTECTIVE RELAYS
BASED ON TECHNOLOGY
3. Digital / numerical relays
 Entered the market around 1980s.
 Based on microprocessors and
microcontrollers. converts all
 Instead of using analog signals, this measured
 relay analogue quantities
Microcontrollers are used into digital
in replacement of analogue circuits
signals.
used in
static relays.
 Digital / numerical relays introduce Analogue to Digital Convertor
(A/D conversion) of all measured analogue quantities and use a
microprocessor to implement the protection algorithm.
CLASSIFICATION OF
PROTECTIVE RELAYS
BASED ON TECHNOLOGY
3. Digital / numerical
relays

BASIC BLOK DIAGRAM

OF
A DIGITAL / NUMERICAL
RELAY

Anti
aliasing
filter
 CLASSIFICATION OF
PROTECTIVE RELAYS
BASED ON TECHNOLOGY
3. Digital / numerical
relays

ABB digital distance protection SEL Transmission Protection

relay System Siemens Transformer
differential
protection
EXAMPLES OF DIGITAL OR NUMERICAL RELAY
 CLASSIFICATION OF
PROTECTIVE RELAYS BASED
ON TECHNOLOGY
3. Digital / numerical
relays
ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES
 Various functions such as multiple  Short life cycles due to fast advancement in
setting groups, programmable logic, microprocessor and microcontroller
events recording and oscillography. technology.
 Has the ability of self monitoring and  Because it can provide many functions
self testing. in a single relay, all the functions will
 Ability to communicate with other share a common failure. For example,
relays and control computers. failure of a power supply or an input
 Cost per function is lower. signal processor may disable the entire
 User can develop their own logic relay functions.
schemes.  Not immune to electrical transients
 Less burden on instrument such as electromagnetic
transformers. interference (EMI) and radio
 Less panel space because it can frequency interference (RFI).
provide many functions in a single  The increased number of settings
relay. may pose problems in managing
the settings and in conducting
functional tests.
Q&A
Session