HEALTH

MODULE 1
Explains the guidelines and criteria in the selection
and evaluation of health information, products, and
services.
When we evaluate or check
the health information and
products?
 Who are the Consumer?
-individuals or groups who purchase or
use goods and services primarily for
personal, social, family, or household
needs.
-end-users of products and services.
What is Consumer health?
-making decisions and having a
clear and deeper understanding to
make wise choices.
3 COMPONENTS OF CONSUMER HEALTH
1.HEALTH INFORMATION
2. HEALTH PRODUCTS
3. HEALTH SERVICES
1. Health information
-is any concept, step, or advice that
various sources give to aid the health
status of an individual.
-gives the materials used in
manufacturing the product, date, uses,
expirations, and even cautions.
 Some Reliable Sources of information
• Medical and health professionals (Family and school
doctors, dentists, nurses, health science educators)
• Government agencies like the Department of Health
(DOH), Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Bureau of
Food and Drugs (BFAD), Department of Trade and
Industry (DTI)
• Websites ending in .gov, .edu, and .org
• Local health officials
• Educational institutions
 Some Unreliable Sources of information
• Outdated customs, practices, and
superstitions without scientific basis
•Information based on ignorance and prejudice
•Commercialized health information
•Personal options and incomplete information
•Quack or pseudo healers
2. Health Products
-are food, drugs, cosmetics, devices, biologicals,
vaccines, in-vitro diagnostic reagents, and
household/urban hazardous substances and/or a
combination of and/or a derivative thereof (FDA
Act, 2009).
-purchased from various places like
supermarkets, pharmacies, and hospitals.
1.CREDIBILITY - source and recency
of the information.
•Who or what is the source of the
information/product?
• Is the source qualified?
•Is the information updated?
2.CONTENT - accuracy, disclaimer, and
completeness of the information.
•Is it complete and correct?
•Does it have a scientific basis?
•Does it state the limitations, purpose, scope,
authority, and currency of the information?
•Does it have labels that contain the directions
for use and storage, expiration date, and
warnings?
3.DISCLOSURE - purpose and caution of the
information.
•What is the purpose of giving the
information/product?
•Is it for marketing purposes?
•Is it for selling products or for disseminating
information?
4.INTERACTIVITY - feedback
mechanism and means of information
exchange between the source and the
consumer.
•Can the consumer offer comments and
suggestions?
•Is it possible to ask questions?
COMPONENTS OF CONSUMER HEALTH
3. HEALTH SERVICES
-refer to the providing of medicines,
medical or surgical treatments,
nursing, hospital service, dental
service, optometric service, and
complementary health services.
3. HEALTH SERVICES
-programs aim to appraise the health
conditions of individuals through screening
and examinations, cure and treat disorders.
Examples: medical and dental consultation
and treatment, services from beauty parlors
and barber shops, etc.
 3 TYPES OF HEALTH SERVICES
1.Health Professionals.
-individuals who are licensed to
practice medicine and other allied
health programs and work in the
medical profession.
Examples: doctor, nurse, nutritionist, etc.
 DIFFERENT TYPES OF
PHYSICIANS BASED ON
THEIR AREA OF
SPECIALIZATION
a. Allergist
– body reactions resulting from unusual
sensitivity to food, medicine, dust, and other
substances.
b. Anesthesiologist
–administering various anesthetics to assure
proper operative procedures.
c. Cardiologist
–diagnosis and treatment of the heart and
blood vessels.
d. Dermatologist
–diagnosis and treatment of skin
diseases.
e. Gastroenterologist
–diagnosis and treatment of diseases
in the gastrointestinal system.
f. Geriatrician
–in the care of the elderly and the
diseases that affect them.
g. Gynecologist
– specializes in diseases and care of the female
reproductive organs.
h. Neurologist
– specializes in providing diagnosis and surgical
treatment of diseases of the nervous system.
i. Obstetrician
– specializes in the care of women during
pregnancy and childbirth.
j. Ophthalmologist
– specializes in the diagnosis and treatment
of eye diseases and disorders.
k. Pediatrician
– specializes in children’s health care and
treatment of diseases.
l. Psychiatrist
– specializes in the diagnosis and treatment
of mental disorders.
m. Pulmonologist
- lungs and respiratory tract.
n. Surgeon
– specializes in performing a surgical
operation in treating diseases, injuries, and
deformities.
o. Urologist
– specializes in diseases and abnormalities of
the gastro-urinary tract.
Who are the Allied Health Professional?

-refers to a trained healthcare

provider who practices under
the supervision of a physician
or healthcare practitioner.
a. Dietitian/Nutritionist
- promotes good health through proper diet and
treatment of diseases.
b. Medical technologist
– performs a variety of tasks on body fluids,
from simple blood tests to more complex tests to
uncover abnormalities in the body, and underlying
causes of illnesses, such as HIV/AIDS, diabetes, and
cancer which are not easily detected through physical
examination.
c. Midwife
- expertise and skills in helping women maintain
healthy pregnancies, assist in or perform childbirth
delivery, and help in women’s recovery process
through the postpartum period.
d. Nurse
- trained to provide care for people who are sick or
injured, monitors patients’ health and records
symptoms, assist physicians during examinations and
treatment, and administers medications.
E. PHARMACIST
- prepares and dispenses medication
prescribed by licensed health professionals;
-also provides information to patients
regarding drugs, and consults with
healthcare professionals on advances in
drugs or medicine.
 WHO ARE THE HEALTHCARE
PRACTITIONER?
-refers to an independent healthcare
provider who is licensed to practice on a
specific area of the body (Meeks, et al.,
2011).
 HEALTHCARE PRACTITIONERS
a. Dental hygienist
- specializes in the removal of
calcaneus deposits and stains from
patients and provides additional
services and information on the
prevention of oral diseases.
B. KINESIOTHERAPIST
- develops and monitors exercise
programs to help people regain
muscle strength and function lost
due to injury or disease.
c. Pedorthist
- are foot orthotic and orthopedic
footwear experts trained in the
assessment of lower limb anatomy
and muscle and joint functions.
2. Healthcare Facilities
–places or institutions that offer
healthcare services.
Examples: hospitals, walk-in surgery
centers, health centers, extended
healthcare facilities.
3.Health Insurance
-financial agreement between an
insurance company and an
individual or group for the payment
of healthcare costs.
 Guidelines on the Purchase of Goods and Services
1.Evaluate which products and services will be
beneficial, harmful, or useless.
2.Know the local laws and regulations that protect
consumers.
3.Locate dependable medical, dental, and nursing
services.
4.Apply knowledge acquired for personal and
environmental health in the purchase of personal goods
and services.
 Some Tips on how to be a Wise Consumer
1.Gather correct and sufficient
information.
2.Compare and contrast details of
available products
3.Inquire for more and review if possible
Example of a basic need of an
individual/consumer
EXAMPLE OF PRODUCT CATEGORIZATION

➢Black = Pure
Chemicals
➢Green = Natural
➢Red = Natural +
Chemical Composition
➢Blue = Natural +
Medicine
EXAMPLE OF PRODUCT CATEGORIZATION
 MODULE 2
Discusses the various forms
of health service providers
and health care plans.
Health Service Provider
- can be defined as any institutions or
professionals who are accredited or licensed to
practice health care under existing laws.
Examples of health care professionals:
doctors, nurses, medical staff, counselors,
psychologists, and the likes. It is also about
making decisions and having a clear and deeper
understanding to make wise choices.
HEALTHCARE PLAN
- mechanism where people prepare for possible medical
needs in the future and pay through a scheduled
personal contribution or direct salary deductions.
- composes the medical and dental coverage of
individuals including the amount and number of
illnesses to be shouldered by the health agency or
company.
Example: Phil Health; Medicare’s; Fortune Life, etc.
HEALTHCARE PLAN
-is a Government-Owned and Controlled
Corporation (GOCC) created through the
National Health Insurance (NHI) Act of 1995 or
Republic Act 7875.
-administrator of the National Health
Insurance Program (NHIP) which was
established to provide health insurance
coverage for all Filipinos and ensure affordable,
acceptable, available, and accessible health care
services for all citizens of the Philippines
VISION STATEMENT:
“Bawat Pilipino,
Miyembro Bawat Miyembro,
Protektado Kalusugan ng
Lahat, Segurado”
EXEMPLIFIED IN PHILHEALTH AS
MEMBERS WHO ARE:
• healthy subsidize the sick;
• earning more subsidize those who
earn less; and
• those who have no income are
subsidized by the government.
What are the PhilHealth Membership Programs?
How are these sectors enrolled/registered under
PhilHealth?
1. Formal economy - enrolled by their respective
employers
2. Informal Economy - applies for membership on their
own.
3. Sponsored Members - sponsors facilitate their
enrollment.
4. Indigents - the Department of Social
Welfare and Development (DSWD) is tasked
by the National Government to facilitate their
enrollment.
5. Lifetime Member- need to apply for
membership to qualify under this category.
6. Senior Citizens - need to apply for
membership to qualify under this category.
Who are the qualified dependents of PhilHealth
Members?
Dependent: Children
• 20 years old and below
• unmarried & unemployed
• legitimate, illegitimate
• adopted, stepchildren
• a foster child
Dependent: Spouse
• Legitimate who is not yet a member
Dependent: Parents
• parents with permanent disabilities irrespective of age
Dependent: Children with Disability
• 21 years old and above with total disability
(congenital/acquired)
*Students like you are qualified as dependent children of your
parents. By the time you reach the age of 21 or become
employed, you need to enroll with PhilHealth to become a
member.
RANGE OF BENEFITS THAT PHILHEALTH
• Inpatient Benefits,
• Outpatient Benefits,
• Primary Care Benefits,
• Z Benefits,
• MDG Benefits, and other
• Special Benefit packages.
 Other Health Care Plans
1. Private health insurance
-is primarily funded through benefits plans
provided by employers or individuals who buy
health insurance on their own.
-Its coverage is more expensive but allows
access to a wider range of health facilities and
health care benefits than PhilHealth.
• Cignal Global
• ACS
• Geoblue
• AXA
• Kaiser
• Remote Haealth
2. HMO (Health Maintenance Organization)
-is similar to private insurance providers.
They are both regulated by the Insurance
Commission, however, in order to fully take
advantage of HMO benefits, you need to go
to accredited doctors, dentists, hospitals, and
clinics that are listed in your HMO’s
network.
Examples:
• Asalus Corporation (Intellicare)
• Asiancare Health Systems
• Avega Managed Care
• CareHealth Plus Systems
• Carewell Health Systems
• Caritas Health Shield
• Maxicare Healthcare Corporation
• MediCard Philippines
• Medicare Plus
• Value Care Health Systems, Inc. (ValuCare)
Healthcare facilities
- are those areas or tools being used
to deliver or practice health services.
- These can be associated with
hospitals, clinics, and health centers
that may be public or privately owned
by companies or individuals.
 Types of Healthcare Facilities
1. Hospitals
-are a major health
care facility which
provides preventive,
diagnostic, curative,
and rehabilitative
treatment to patients.
• Preventive as it may serve as a health-
arm of the Department of Health to
release bulletins and advisories on how
to avoid and manage any illnesses in the
community. The hospital may also
conduct seminars and for a in various
barangays promoting a healthy lifestyle.
• Diagnostic as it has the equipment to
detect any forms of illnesses and its veracity.
• Curative as health professionals perform
the most sensitive to simple operations to
treat the patients, they also prescribe
medicines and medical management for
complete healing educational institutions.
Rehabilitative
-takes care of the delivery
and restoration of normal
functions of body parts.
 Types of Healthcare Facilities
2. Clinic is the entry
point of patients for
the help of health
professionals.

Figure 2. Diagnostic Center and Lying-in Clinic at Dagupan City

https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1070112
 Types of Healthcare Facilities
3. Treatment or Medical Nursing
Residence
-are facilities that house
patients to provide short-term or
long-term treatment of their
general or specific condition which
hospitals may not perform such as
trauma, alcoholic, or drug
addiction residential treatment
centers, viral affected patients, and
many more.
 Types of Healthcare Facilities
4. Pharmacies or Drug Stores
- are accredited establishments that sell
medicines and other medical goods or
paraphernalia.
-managed by a licensed pharmacist,
medical technologists, staff, and technicians.
 Types of Healthcare Facilities
5. Medical laboratory and research
-is a health care facility where examination
of specimens and laboratory tests are conducted
to rule out any possible illnesses. Experts make
also their experiments and clinical study here to
understand the emerging virus and disease
outbreak in the country.
Module 3
Fraud
Fraudulent
- unjustifiably claiming or being
credited with particular
accomplishments or qualities, marked
by, based on, or done by the use of
dishonest methods to acquire
something of value
Health care fraud can be committed
by medical providers, patients, and
others who intentionally deceive the
health care system to receive
unlawful benefits or payments.
Common Types of Health Care Fraud
1. Fraud Committed by Medical
Providers
2. Fraud Committed by Patients and
Other Individuals
3. Fraud Involving Prescriptions
Common Types of Health Care Fraud
1. Fraud Committed by Medical Providers
• Double billing - Submitting multiple claims for the
same service
• Phantom billing - Billing for a service visit or
supplies the patient never received
• Unbundling - Submitting multiple bills for the same
service
• Upcoding -Billing for a more expensive service than
the patient received
2. Fraud Committed by Patients and Other Individuals
• Bogus marketing - Convincing people to provide their
health insurance identification number and other
personal information to bill for non-rendered services,
steal their identity or enroll them in a fake benefit plan
• Identity theft/identity swapping - Using another
person’s health insurance or allowing another person to
use your insurance
• Impersonating a health care professional - Providing or
billing for health services or equipment without a license
3. Fraud Involving Prescriptions
• Forgery - Creating or using forged prescriptions
• Diversion - Diverting legal prescriptions for illegal uses, such
as selling your prescription medication
• Doctor shopping - Visiting multiple providers to get
prescriptions for controlled substances or getting
prescriptions from medical offices that engage in unethical
practices
• Prescription Medication Abuse
Creating or using forged prescriptions is a crime, and
prescription fraud comes at an enormous cost to physicians,
hospitals, insurers, and taxpayers.
Quackery
- is a form of a health fraud, an
advertisement, promotion, or sale of products
and services that have not been scientifically
proven safe and effective. It is being operated by a
quack.
A quack is a person who dishonestly pretends
to have medical skills or knowledge
Three major characteristics of
quackery
1. It is a big business.
2. It multiplies and spreads fast. It is
progressive.
3. It is claimed that it is for incurable
condition
Possible Effects of Quackery:
1. Taking a quack “cure” may delay or lose the chance to be
healed.
2. The person may experience placebo effect – that he/she
improves for natural reasons and not because of the
substance that the quack provides.
3. Loss of money
4. Giving false hopes to the sick person and the family.
5. The actual damage done to the individual by using fake
products and services
6. It may cause overdose and over medicines.
These are three forms of quackery:
1. Medical quackery includes cures, treatments, and
remedies of various health conditions that are drugless
or bloodless in nature.
2. Nutrition quackery involves promotion of food fads and
other nutritional practices that claim to be all-natural. These
are believed to have beneficial properties of multiple plants
in one product.
3. Device quackery makes use of miraculous gadgets (such
as dials, gauges, electrodes, magnets, and blinkers) that are
believed to cure certain health conditions.
Reporting Health Care Fraud
1.National Bureau of Investigation (NBI)
2. Department of Justice(DoJ)
3. Department of Health (DOH)
4. Philippine Health Insurance (PhilHealth)
5. Securities and Exchange Commission
(SEC)
6. Philippine National Police (PNP)
Tips for Avoiding Health Care Fraud

1.Protect your health

insurance information
2. Beware of “free” services
 MODULE 4
• Explain the different kinds of
complementary and alternative
health care modalities; and
• Explain the importance of
consumer laws to protect public
health.
 List at least 3 herbal
medicines and on how
they treat injuries.
 Complementary Health Approaches
Classifications:
a) Nutritional (e.g., special diets, dietary
supplements, herbs, probiotics, and
microbial-based therapies).
b) Psychological (e.g., meditation, hypnosis,
music therapies, relaxation therapies).
c) Physical (e.g., acupuncture, massage,
spinal manipulation.
d) Combinations such as psychological
and physical (e.g., yoga, tai chi, dance
therapies, some forms of art therapy) or
psychological and nutritional (e.g.,
mindful eating).
Nutritional Approaches
• approaches include a variety of products,
such as herbs (also known as botanicals),
vitamins and minerals, and probiotics.
• widely marketed, readily available to
consumers, and often sold as dietary
supplements.
For your information 
According to the 2012 National Health Interview
Survey (NHIS), which included a comprehensive survey
on the use of complementary health approaches 17.7
percent of adults had used a dietary supplement other
than vitamins and minerals in the past year. These
products were the most popular complementary health
approach in the survey. The most commonly used non-
vitamin, non-mineral dietary supplement was fish oil.
 REPUBLIC ACT NO. 8423,
December 09, 1997, also known as
the "Traditional and Alternative
Medicine Act (TAMA) of 1997".
OBJECTIVES AS FOLLOWS:
1.To encourage scientific research on and develop
traditional and alternative health care systems
that have a direct impact on public health care;
2. To promote and advocate the use of traditional,
alternative, preventive and curative health care
modalities that have been proven safe, effective,
cost-effective, and consistent with government
standards on medical practice;
3. To develop and coordinate skills training courses for
various forms of traditional and alternative health care
modalities;
4. To formulate standards, guidelines, and codes of
ethical practice appropriate for the practice of
traditional and alternative health care as well as in the
manufacture, quality control, and marketing of
different traditional and alternative health care
materials, natural and organic products, for approval
and adoption by the appropriate government agencies;
5. To formulate policies for the protection of
indigenous and natural health resources and
technology from unwarranted exploitation, for
approval and adoption by the appropriate
government agencies;
6. To formulate policies to strengthen the role
of traditional and alternative health care
delivery systems; and
PITAHC
-Philippine Institute for
Alternative Health Care
DEFINITION OF TERMS
a) "Traditional and alternative health care“
- the total of knowledge, skills, and practices
on health care, other than those embodied in
biomedicine, used in the prevention,
diagnosis, and elimination of physical or
mental disorders.
b) "Traditional medicine" - recognized
by the people to help maintain and
improve their health towards the
wholeness of their being, the community
and society, and their interrelations
based on culture, history, heritage, and
consciousness.
c) "Biomedicine" - discipline of medical care
advocating therapy with remedies that
produce effects differing from those of the
diseases treated.
- also called 'allopathy,' 'western medicine,'
'regular medicine,' 'conventional medicine,'
'mainstream medicine,' 'orthodox medicine,'
or 'cosmopolitan medicine.'
d) "Alternative health care modalities“
- non-indigenous or imported healing
methods
-Some alternative health care
modalities include reflexology,
acupuncture, massage, acupressure,
chiropractic, nutritional therapy, and other
similar methods.
e) "Herbal medicines" - finished, labeled,
medicinal products that contain as active
ingredient/s aerial or underground part/s of
plant or other materials or a combination
thereof, whether in the crude state or as plant
preparations. Plant material includes juices,
gums, fatty oils, essential oils, and other
substances of this nature.
f) "Natural product"
- also refers to foods that have been
prepared from grains, vegetables, fruits, nuts,
meats, fish, eggs, honey, raw milk, and the
like, without the use or addition of additives,
preservatives, artificial colors, and flavors, or
manufactured chemicals of any sort after
harvest or slaughter.
g) "Manufacture" - any operations involved in
the production, including preparation, propagation,
processing, formulating, filling, packing,
repacking, altering, ornamenting, finishing, or
otherwise changing the container, wrapper, or
labeling of a consumer product in the furtherance
of the distribution of the same from the original
place of manufacture to the person who makes the
final delivery or sale to the ultimate consumer.
h) "Traditional healers" - the relatively
old, highly respected people with a
profound knowledge of traditional
remedies.
• Complementary Medicine - A
medicine availed and integrated with
Conventional/traditional Medicine.
Example: Acupuncture, Massage
therapy, herbs, supplementary
products, and probiotics.
Alternative Medicines
- A medicine offered in place of traditional
medicine.
- is a general term that covers medical practices
that aren't considered mainstream, but are believed
to have some beneficial purposes.
Example: Acupuncture, reflexology, Ventosa/
cupping massage therapy, acupressure, and
Nutritional therapy
 “Naturopathic medicine views diseases as a manifestation
of an alteration in the processes by which the body naturally
heals itself” (Donatelle, 2006).
Nauropathy offers a wide range of natural practices. This
includes Herbal medicine which has at least 10 that are proven
tested to have medicinal value, (Galvez Tan, et al., 2009), It also
includes, acupuncture explained as a form of energy medicine
that uses thin needles inserted to body parts to affect energy
flow. Acupressure is also included. This does not use needles but
pressure of the hands on certain points of the body.
Another natural practice included is the Ventosa Cupping
Massage Therapy.
 The. procedure of this practice is done by placing
inverted glasses that have flames from burning cotton on
specific points in the body and nutritional therapy which
approaches treatment of a medical condition by
providing a tailored diet for the patient.
These naturopathic practices are also considered
examples of alternative medicine which were approved
by PITAHC under R.A 8423 or better known as The
Traditional and Alternative Medicine Act of 1997.
 HERBAL MEDICINE
10 herbs that are proven and tested
to have medicinal value and
approved by the Department of
Health (DOH).
PANSIT-
PANSITAN
- For arthritis
and gout
ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE
1. Acupuncture
- form of energy
medicine where long thin
needles are inserted into
specific parts of the body to
affect the energy flow
- Acupuncture is believed to
treat musculoskeletal
dysfunctions.
ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE
2. Ventosa/Cupping Massage
Therapy
-done by placing inverted
glasses that have flames from
burning cotton, on specific
points in the body. It is
believed to relieve muscle and
joint pains.
ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE
3. Reflexology - Similar to
acupuncture, reflexology
focuses on treating
specific disorders
through massaging of
the soles of the feet
ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE
4. Acupressure - uses the
same technique as that of
acupuncture. The only
difference is that
acupressure does not use
needles but hands to
apply pressure on certain
points of the body.
ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE
5. Nutritional Therapy
- It approaches the
treatment of a medical
condition by providing
a tailored diet for the
patient.
 Laws
a) Traditional and Alternative Medicines
Act (TAMA)
-provides for the improvement of quality
and delivery of healthcare services in the
country through the development of traditional
and alternative health care and its integration
into the healthcare system.
b) Consumer Act of the Philippines or RA 7394

-protects the interest of

consumers and promotes their
general welfare. It also establishes
standards of conduct for business
and industry.
c) Cheaper Medicines Act or RA 9502

intended to achieve universally

accessible and cheaper and
quality medicines by pursuing an
effective competition policy in
the pharmaceutical sector.