E-Governance (CSC366)

Introduction to E-Government &

E-Governance

B.SC. CSIT
6 th Semester
 Contents
• Introduction to Governance and Good Governance

• Introduction to E-governance

• Introduction to E-Government

• E-Government vs. E-Governance

• Online Service Delivery and Electronic Service Delivery

• Evolution, Scope and Content of E-Governance

• Present Global Trends of Growth in E-Governance

• E-Government as Information System

• E-Government Life Cycle

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 Introduction to Governance
• Governance refers to the process of decision-making and the process
by which decisions are implemented (or not implemented).
• Governance can be national governance, international governance, local
governance or others.
• Good Governance: It has the following eight characteristics:
– Participation

– Rule of Law

– Transparency

– Responsiveness

– Accountability

– Consensus Oriented

– Equity and inclusiveness

– Effectiveness and Efficiency

3
 Contd…
• Why good governance?

– Economic development

– Social development

– Political development

• How to achieve good governance?

– ICT as a means of good governance

4
 E-governance- A Key to good
governance
• E-governance is defined as the
application of electronic
means in the interaction
between
– government and citizens

– government and employee

– government and businesses

– as well as in internal
government operations

to simplify and improve

democratic, government and
business aspects
of 5
 E-governance
• Range of E-governance

– Simple information dissemination (one-way

communication)
– Two-way communication (request and response)

– Online services and financial transactions

– Integration (both vertical and horizontal)

– Political participation

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 Contd…
• Phases of E-governance development:

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 E-governance
• Dimensions of E-Governance: Also as the domains of E-
known

governance. Includes the following:

– E-administration

– E-service: E-Participation

– E-democracy

– E-Commerce/ E-Business

– E-Society

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 E-governance
• Pillars: Also known as foundation of E-Governance

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 E-governance
• Mission, Visions and Goals

– Customers online, not in line.

– Strengthening good governance and broadening public

participation.
– Improving the productivity and efficiency of government agencies.

– Improving the quality of life for disadvantaged communities.

– A Single point of availability for all services.

– Creating a better business environment

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 E-governance
• Objectives: SMART Governance

– Simple: To simplify rules, procedures and processes.

– Moral: To enhance ethical values in the political,

judiciary and administrative bodies.
– Accountable: To enhance the accountability by the use of
MIS in the
public service functionaries.
– Responsiveness: To enhance the responsiveness by streamlining the
processes.
– Transparent: To enhance the transparency by
dissemination of
information and service in the public domain into wider public domain.

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 E-governance
• Features

– De bureaucratization

– E-Services

– International Services

– Right to express and Right to Information

– Social and Economic Development

– Reduce inequality

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 E-Governance-Delivery models
• Also known as types of Interaction in E-governance.

13
 E-Governance-Delivery models
• Government to Citizens (G2C): Refers to the between
interaction government and citizens.

Transactions
Government Citizens

e-Gov solution

• For example:-
– Payment of online bills such as electricity, water, telephone bills etc.

– Online registration and submission of applications.

– Online filling of complaints.

– get any kind of rules, regulations and other information.

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 E-Governance-Delivery models
• Government to Government (G2G): Refers to the interaction between
various government agencies, department and organizations.

Transactions
Government Government

e-Gov solution

• These types of e-services are as:-

– Government documentexchange,meeting, collaboration, planning,
Monitoring, directing, controlling, budgeting, payment and accounting.

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 E-Governance-Delivery models
• Government to Business (G2B): Refers to the between
interaction government and Business.

Transactions
Government Business

e-Gov solution

• For example:-
– E-Procurements and E-bidding
– Sharing of all kind of information, rules and data.
– Online information and advisory services
– Government contracting and Electronic auctions
– Rejection and approval of Business licenses, permits, and regulation updates
– Collecting Tax, social insurance payments, and reporting
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 E-Governance-Delivery models
• Government to Employee (G2E): Refers to the interaction
between government and employee.

Transactions
Government Employee

e-Gov solution

• For example:-
– Employee attendance, report submission, file complaints.

– Receive salary, incentives, and other services (Payroll).

– Sharing of all kind of rule, regulation and information with employees.

– Employees can check their payment and working record.

– Employees can register all kind of working forms online.

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 E-governance
• Significance
– Administrative Development

• Automation of administrative processes

• Paper work reduction

• Quality of services

• Elimination of Hierarchy

• Change in administrative culture

– Effective Service Delivery

• Transparency

• Economic development

• Social development

• Strategic information system.

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 E-governance
Benefits/Strength/Potential/Advantages
• Internal Benefits • External Benefits
– Avoidance of duplication – Faster service delivery and
– Automation and Simplifying accessible anytime and anywhere
bureaucratic procedures
– Greater efficiency and effectiveness
– Greater Efficiency
– Increased flexibility and quality of
– Greater coordination and service use.
communication
– Innovation in user centred ICT
– Enhanced transparency enabled service delivery
– Information Sharing – Greater Citizen Participation
among agencies
– Greater citizen empowerment
– Security of information
management – Reduced cost and Time

– Reducing transaction – Economic and Social

costs Development
– Paper Work Reduction
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– Hierarchy elimination
 E-governance
• Weaknesses: Disadvantages

– Lack of Equality in Public Access

– Reduced Reliability of Information

– Hidden Agendas from public

– Impacts on Economic, Social, and Political

Factors
– Vulnerability to Cyber Attacks

– High Cost for setup infrastructure

– Inaccessibility – False sense of accessibility

– Technical difficulties

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 E-governance
• Threats

– Security threats

– Digital divide

– Privacy threat

– Legal and regulatory challenges

– System downtime and technical glitches

– Corruption and fraud

– Data Ownership

– Resistance to change

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 E-governance
• Issues

– Economic

• Cost, Reusability, Maintainability, Portability

– Social

• Digital divide, Accessibility, Usability, Culture

– Technical

• Interoperability, Security, Privacy, Authentication

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 E-governance
• Challenges:

– Trust Challenges

– Resistance to change

– Digital Divide

– Cost challenges

– Privacy and Security

– Lack of Political Will and Trust

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 E-governance
• Risks:

– Security risks

– Privacy risks

– Technological risks

– Inequality risks

– Legal risks

– Societal risks

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 E-Government
• Electronic government (or e-Government) is the application of Information and
Communication Technologies (ICTs) to government functions and procedures with
the purpose of increasing efficiency, transparency and citizen participation.

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 E-Government
• E-government primarily focuses on the digitization of government services
and the improvement of administrative processes.
• It aims to make government services more accessible, efficient, and
citizens centric.
• E-government encompasses a range of activities, including
online
transactions, information dissemination, and citizen engagement.
• However, E-government initiatives often revolve around online service
delivery, such as electronic tax filing, online permit applications, and
digital record-keeping.

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E-government -- Benefits

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 E-government -- Drawbacks
• Digital divide and digital inequalities – new form of inequalities.
• High cost on the development and implementation of e-government
• False sense of transparency and accountability.
• Hyper Surveillance and Monitoring.
• Inaccessibility, Trust issue and Vulnerability to Cyber Attacks.
• Age-old bureaucratic practices being delivered using new technologies can lead
to problems of miscommunication.
• Impacts on Economic, Social, and Political Factors: E-government can lead to
the disintermediation of the government and citizens, which can impact
power dynamics and potentially lead to social unrest.
• Impact on Reliability of Information: Citizens may not be able to discern
between accurate and inaccurate information, which could lead
to misinformation and biased public opinions.
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 E-Governance vs. E-Government
• Governance is a functionality where as government is a major
agent responsible for such functionality.
• E-governance is a functionality Where E-government is a ICT System
for E-Service delivery.

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 E-Governance vs. E-Government
• Focus and Objectives:
– E-government focuses on the digitization of government services and improving
administrative efficiency, while e-governance focuses on citizen engagement,
transparency, accountability and participatory decision-making.

• Stakeholder Involvement:
– E-government primarily involves government agencies and citizens, whereas e-
governance encourages collaboration between the government, citizens, businesses, and
civil society organizations.

• Relationship with Citizens:

– E-government emphasizes service delivery to citizens, aiming to provide convenient and
accessible online services. E-governance, on the other hand, seeks to empower citizens
and involve them in the governance process, giving them a voice in decision-making.

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Online Service Delivery and Electronic Service Delivery
• Online Service Delivery:
– Online service delivery refers to the provision of services through internet-
based platforms. It involves making government services accessible to
citizens, businesses, and other entities via the internet.
– The emphasis is on the mode of access, which is predominantly through online
channels such as websites, portals, and applications. Online service
delivery extends beyond just electronic means and may include a variety
of online interactions, including information dissemination,
transaction processing, and citizen engagement.
– Examples: Filing tax returns through a government website, applying for
permits online, accessing public information through a web portal.

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Online Service Delivery and Electronic Service Delivery
• Electronic Service Delivery:
– Electronic service delivery is a broader term that encompasses the use of
electronic or digital technologies in the delivery of services. This
includes not only online platforms but also other electronic means such
as email, SMS, and other digital channels.
– Electronic service delivery includes any form of service provision that involves
electronic or digital methods, whether accessed online or
through other electronic mediums.
– Examples: Receiving government notifications via email, automated phone call
reminders for appointments, utilizing mobile applications for service
requests.

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Online Service Delivery and Electronic Service Delivery
Online Service Delivery Electronic Service Delivery
Services available and delivered through Services available in electronic form and
the use of Internet. delivered through any electronic means.

Services available online so, service E-Service delivery may or may not be any
delivery is possible any time any where time any where.
(24x7).
a subset of electronic service delivery a superset of online service delivery
Internet based service delivery May or may not be internet base

Examples includes information Examples includes information

dissemination through the website. dissemination through the website as well

as personal information of citizen
provided by storing data in storage media
and delivered to home.

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 Evolution of E-Governance
• Initiatives were take up as early as 1972: First governance
software developed by Chile.
• Major contribution by US Vice President Al Gore in early
1990s : Information superhighway.

•1989
US,- 2005 2005- 2010
UK, Canada, Australia 2010-on
and India focus largely nowdevelopment of
Connecting computers Connecting users Connecting
infrastructure such as ber optic networks. everything with everyone
fi
•Supply
Concept
based of Societybased
KnowledgeDemand
services evolved and
services -governance came into
Intelligent agents
Supplier generated EUser generated content aMachine generated content
formalized andcontent
focused manner.
Read only Read –write Personal web
One way interaction two way interaction Live interaction
Expert’s intelligence Collective intelligence Artificial intelligence
PC PC, Mobile Phone, PDA Any device

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 Evolution of E-Governance In Nepal
• Institutional Arrangement:

– Department of information Technology (DOIT): Establishment in

2013, under Ministry of Communication and
Information Technology.
– National Information Technology Center (NITC): Establishment in
2001. Also working a GIDC of government agencies, with
DR site in Hetauda.
– Office of Controller Certification (OCC): Formed to authorize and
legalize digital signatures.
– National Information Technology Coordination Council: Formed
under chairmanship of Prime Minister.

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 Evolution of E-Governance In Nepal
• Institutional Arrangement:
– 1972: Introduction of computer for Census (IBM 1401).

– 1974: Establishment of Electronic Data Processing Center.

– 1985: Distribution of Personal Computers.

– 1990: Liberalization on imports of equipment.

– 1992: Establishment of Computer association of Nepal.

– 1996: Establishment of the Ministry of Science and Technology.

– 1998 Establishment of Nepal Telecoms Authority (NTA).

– 2001: Establishment of National Information Technology Center.

– 2003: Establishment of High Level Commission for IT.

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 Evolution of E-Governance In Nepal
• Policy Arrangement:
– 1998: Telecommunications Act 1997 and Regulation
– 2000: Announcement of the first IT policy, “IT Policy 2000”.
– 2004: Telecommunication Policy 2004
– 2004: Electronic Transaction ordinance 2004
– 2006: Electronic Transaction Act 2006 and Regulation
– 2007: E-governance Master Plan (eGMP), 2007
– ICT-Development project (2008-2014). The project promised of: Rural e-
community(Wireless broadband, telecenters), Government network,
eGOV application (Government Enterprise Architecture, National ID, Public
Service Commission recruitment Management System, Land record
Management System, Vehicle Registration System, and Driving
Licence), Human Resource development (awareness, training).

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 Evolution of E-Governance In Nepal
• Policy Arrangement:

– 2010: IT Policy (2010)

– 2011: Ten years Master Plan: Initiated by NTA taking into account
telecom acts.
– 2013: ICT in education master plan 2013-2017

– 2015:National IT Roadmap

– 2015: eGMP-2

– 2015: Broadband Policy 2071

– 2015: ICT Policy, 2072

– Digital Nepal Framework (2019)

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Evolution of E-Governance In Nepal

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 Scope of E-Governance
• The scope of e-governance is extensive and encompasses various dimensions of public
administration and service delivery. The key aspects of the scope of e-governance
includes:
– Service Delivery
– Digital Communication
– Automation of Processes
– Information Access and Transparency
– Online Transactions
– Digital Identity and Authentication
– Data Management and Analytics
– Cybersecurity Measures
– Collaboration Among Government Departments
– Citizen Engagement and Participation
– Capacity Building and Digital Literacy
– Smart Cities and Urban Governance
– Global Collaboration and Standards

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 Content of E-Governance
• Any E-governance activity/project involves appropriate:

– Hardware and corresponding system software.

– Networking of the hardware identified above – both the internet and

Intranet environment, and
– Application software along with appropriate database
management
software.

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Present Global Trends of Growth in E-Governance
• According to the E-Government Survey 2022
report

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Present Global Trends of Growth in E-Governance

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Present Global Trends of Growth in E-Governance

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Present Global Trends of Growth in E-Governance

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Present Global Trends of Growth in E-Governance

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Present Global Trends of Growth in E-Governance

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Present Global Trends of Growth in E-Governance
• Online Service Provisions
– The number of countries providing at least 1 of the 22 online services assessed has
increased by 16.7 per cent globally, with 61 per cent of the UN Member States
offering more than 16 services.
– There is a clear trend towards the full digitalization of government services, giving
users the ability to complete virtually all types of transactions entirely online.
– More than a quarter of the Member States have integrated AI-enabled
chatbot functionality in their portals.
– Government priorities in online services provision have centred on health, education
and social protection.
– The sharpest increase in online services provision has been in the area of social
protection; the number of countries with national portals that allow users to
apply for benefits such as maternity care, child subsidies, pensions, housing,
and food allowances has grown by 17 per cent since 2020.
53
Present Global Trends of Growth in E-Governance
• Institutional framework
– Almost all of the UN Member States have national portals that are fully
operational.
– An average of 90 per cent of the countries have national portals that provide
links to ministerial websites and offer sources of information on
sector-specific policies.
– 132 countries (68 per cent) have legislation guaranteeing freedom of
information and access to information, and 127 countries (66 per
cent) have privacy statements available on their government portals.
– Most countries have a national electronic or digital government strategy (155),
a national data policy or strategy (128), and legislation on
cybersecurity (153), personal data protection (145), and open
government data (117); 91 countries have laws relating to e-participation.

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Present Global Trends of Growth in E-Governance

The majority of countries are committed to improving the provision of online services
and user experiences; presently, between 63 and 73 of the Member States offer options
for users to provide feedback about the government website, file a complaint, or report
corruption by public servants or institutions.

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Present Global Trends of Growth in E-Governance

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Present Global Trends of Growth in E-Governance
• Where do we stand globally

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Present Global Trends of Growth in E-Governance
• Where do we stand globally

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Present Global Trends of Growth in E-Governance
• Digital Citizen Identity, and Public Service Automation.

• Cloud computing to enhance scalability, flexibility, and cost-effectiveness

in delivering digital services.
• Digital Inclusion Initiatives to bridge the digital divide, ensuring that e-
governance services are accessible to all citizens.
• Data Analytics: Government Data Management and data analytics
for decision making.
• Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning to streamline processes,
improve efficiency, and enhance the overall quality of services.

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Present Global Trends of Growth in E-Governance
• Mobile governance to facilitated any time any where portable government
services.
• Internet of Things (IoT) to facilitate and enforce the governance based on
the real time surveillance and interaction.
• Cyber security to protect sensitive data and ensure the integrity of online
services.
• Blockchain for enhancing security, transparency, and trust in
various government processes, such as identity verification and record-
keeping.

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 E-Government as Information System

Figure: E-Government as information system (Onion ring model) – structural view

61
 Contd…

Figure: Full model of E-government system

62
1. Core: Information (Data + Knowledge)
• This is the fundamental resource.
• Data: Raw facts—names, numbers, dates, locations. For
example, citizen birth records or tax amounts.
• Knowledge: Insights derived from processing data. For
example, analyzing tax data to identify non-compliance trends.
• In e-Governance, data is gathered, processed, and then used
to make smart decisions, such as improving service delivery
or detecting fraud.
2. Technology Layer
Technology is the enabler of modern information systems.
•Hardware: Includes servers, computers, biometric devices
(like fingerprint scanners), etc.
•Software: Applications like MIS (Management Information
Systems), databases, mobile apps.
•Telecoms: Internet, intranet, wireless networks that allow
communication between systems.
•Paper/etc.: Still crucial in many developing regions—forms,
ID cards, official letters.
This layer makes data accessible, shareable, and
processable across departments and users.
3. Information System Layer
• This is the functional layer—how information is used and
managed in practice.
• People: Government employees, IT professionals, data entry
operators, and even citizens who input or use the data.
• Processes: The workflows and procedures, like:
• How a citizen applies for a passport.
• How departments approve, verify, and issue it.
• This layer ensures that technology and information are used
in a structured and meaningful way.
4. Organization Layer (Lead Public Agency)
• This is the institutional layer—who owns and runs the
information system.
• Management systems: How leadership manages IT projects—
governance, decision-making.
• Business processes: Core activities of the organization (e.g.,
issuing licenses, managing land records).
• Structures: Hierarchies, departments (e.g., Ministry of Home
Affairs, Election Commission).
• Resources: Time, money, staff availability—all crucial for
running and expanding systems.
• Culture & Politics: The way an organization behaves (formal
vs. informal rules), and how internal power struggles can
impact digital transformation.
• This layer shows that even with the best tech, an inefficient or
corrupt organization will not deliver good results.
5. Environment Layer
• The outermost and most dynamic layer. It reflects external
forces that shape how systems operate:
• Political: Government priorities, political stability, and support
for digital initiatives.
• Economic: Budget constraints or investments; affordability of
technologies.
• Socio-cultural: Public acceptance of digital tools, literacy,
gender norms (e.g., who has access to phones).
• Legal: Data protection laws, cybercrime laws, right to
information.
• Technical: Trends like AI, blockchain, or cloud computing that
affect choices.
• This environment shapes opportunities and threats for every
digital or information-based initiative.
Other Stakeholder Organizations/Groups
• These are external partners who might collaborate or
influence the system:
• NGOs,
• Donor agencies (like UNDP, World Bank),
• Private tech vendors,
• Civil society,
• Other government departments.
• They play roles in funding, building, or using parts of the
system.
• These layered model concludes that:

• Information systems are complex and interconnected.

• Technology alone is not enough—people, organizations, and
environments matter.
• To design or evaluate an information system (especially in
public services or governance), we must look at all layers—not
just software and hardware, but also policy, politics, people,
and procedures.
Use Case Example: E-Birth Registration System in Nepal

•Information: Child’s name, parents, birth date.

•Technology: Online forms, servers, mobile SMS for OTP
verification.
•Information System: Staff in ward offices handle
applications and approvals.
•Organization: Local government office under the Ministry
of Federal Affairs.
•Environment: Laws on vital statistics, citizen expectations,
internet access, and funding support from NGOs.
 Contd…
• The ITPOSMO Checklist
– Information
– Technology
– Processes
– Objectives and values
– Staffs and Skills
– Management systems and Structures
– Other resources
• The CIPSODA Checklist
– Capture
– Input
– Process
– Store
– Output
– Decision
– Action

63
 Contd…

Figure: E-government system as information systems-Process View

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E-Government Life Cycle

65
 Contd…
• Project assessment: Identifying possible e-government projects; outlining

basic project parameters; and assessing whether or not to proceed with the

project.

• Analysis of current reality: Description and analysis of the seven

ITPOSMO(Information, Technology, Process, Objective and

values, Staffing and skills, Management system and structures, Other

resources: money and time) dimensions as they exist within the

current situation of the organization.

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 Contd…
• Design of the proposed new situation : Setting objectives for the proposed
new e-government system, and then describing in general terms how
the seven ITPOSMO dimensions should be different for the new
system to meet these objectives. Different options for the new
system may be evaluated at this point.
• System construction : Acquiring any new technology; undertaking detailed
design of the new system; then building it, testing it and documenting
it.
• Implementation and beyond: Training users to use the new system;
converting data to new formats; introducing the new system;
monitoring and evaluating its performance and context; then
undertaking any necessary system maintenance.
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 Homework
• What is e-governance and e-government? Compare and contrast
between them.
• Why do we need e-governance? How can we use e-governance to
provide efficient services to citizens? Explain using suitable example.
• Define e-government? Explain e-government as an information system.
• Why it is important to implement ICT in government? Explain.
• What are the different benefits of using E-Governance? Explain.
• How to achieve good governance through e-governance? Explain.
• Explain online service delivery with example.
• Explain Electronic service delivery with example.
• What is digital divide? Discuss the impact of the e-governance
applications in digital divide.
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 Homework
• Explain the evolution of e-governance, its scope and content in detail.

• Explain the current trends of development of e-governance in Nepal.

• Explain the need of e-governance with reference to the context of

Nepal.
• Explain the evolutionary stages in e-governance in detail.

• Explain the issues in e-governance applications and digital divide.

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Thank You !

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