Title Slide
• Semiconductor Memory Road Map: Advances
in Semiconductor Memory
• Subject: Digital Design through Verilog
Introduction
• Semiconductor memory is crucial in digital
systems. It includes volatile and non-volatile
types, with ongoing innovation shaping the
future of electronics.
Types of Memory
• • SRAM (Static RAM)
• • DRAM (Dynamic RAM)
• • Flash Memory
• • EEPROM
• • Emerging Memories (MRAM, ReRAM, PCM)
Memory Classification
• • Volatile Memory: Data lost on power-off
(e.g., SRAM, DRAM)
• • Non-Volatile Memory: Retains data without
power (e.g., Flash, MRAM)
SRAM Overview
• • Fast access
• • Expensive
• • Used in cache
• • 6-transistor cell structure
DRAM Overview
• • Slower than SRAM
• • Higher density, cheaper
• • Needs refresh circuit
• • 1T-1C structure
Flash Memory
• • Widely used in SSDs, USB drives
• • Non-volatile
• • NAND and NOR types
• • Endurance issues
Emerging Memories
• • MRAM: Magnetic storage
• • ReRAM: Resistance-based
• • PCM: Phase-change
• • High endurance and speed
Technology Scaling
• • Moore’s Law slowing down
• • FinFET, GAA FETs aid scaling
• • Challenge: Leakage current, variability
3D Memory Integration
• • Vertical stacking increases density
• • Used in HBM, 3D NAND
• • Thermal challenges need addressing
Speed vs Density Tradeoff
• • SRAM: High speed, low density
• • DRAM: Balanced
• • Flash: High density, slower
• • Emerging tech aims to improve both
Road Map Trends
• • Move from 2D to 3D structures
• • Focus on energy-efficient designs
• • Neuromorphic and in-memory computing
support
Use Cases
• • SRAM: CPU caches
• • DRAM: Main memory
• • Flash: Storage
• • MRAM/ReRAM: AI accelerators, IoT devices
Challenges
• • Scaling limits
• • Data retention
• • Write endurance
• • Compatibility with CMOS
Conclusion
• Semiconductor memory has evolved
dramatically. While traditional memories face
physical limits, emerging technologies are
paving the way for a new era in memory
design.
