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Lecture 27 Robert McCrae and Paul Costa The Five Factor ModelHans Eysenck 19072024 113212am

Robert McCrae and Paul Costa developed the Five-Factor Model of personality, identifying five key traits: Neuroticism, Extraversion, Openness, Agreeableness, and Conscientiousness. Their research confirmed these factors through various assessment techniques, leading to the creation of the NEO Personality Inventory, which remains the most widely used test for measuring these traits. Additionally, studies indicate a hereditary component for most factors, with agreeableness showing a stronger environmental influence.

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10 views8 pages

Lecture 27 Robert McCrae and Paul Costa The Five Factor ModelHans Eysenck 19072024 113212am

Robert McCrae and Paul Costa developed the Five-Factor Model of personality, identifying five key traits: Neuroticism, Extraversion, Openness, Agreeableness, and Conscientiousness. Their research confirmed these factors through various assessment techniques, leading to the creation of the NEO Personality Inventory, which remains the most widely used test for measuring these traits. Additionally, studies indicate a hereditary component for most factors, with agreeableness showing a stronger environmental influence.

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Hans Eysenck

Lecture #12
Robert McCrae and Paul Costa:
The Five-Factor Model
Using the factor-analytic method, the personality
traits Cattell and Eysenck derived varies in number.
This does not suggest an inherent weakness in the
method but instead reflects the way each theorist
chose to measure personality. Some personality
researchers have expressed dissatisfaction with both
theories, suggesting that Eysenck has too few
dimensions and Cattell has too many factors. More
contemporary work has typically yielded five broad
personality factors (see, for example, Digman, 1990;
Goldberg, 1990; Wiggins &presentation
20XX Trapnell,title 1997) 2
Working at the Gerontology Research Center of the
National Institutes of Health in Baltimore, Maryland,
Robert McCrae (1949– ) and Paul Costa (1942– )
embarked on an extensive research program that
identified five so-called robust or Big Five factors
(McCrae & Costa, 1985b, 1987).
These factors are:
 Neuroticism
 Extraversion
 Openness
 Agreeableness
 Conscientiousnes

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The factors were confirmed through a variety
of assessment techniques including self-
ratings, objective tests, and observers’
reports. The researchers then developed a
personality test, the NEO Personality
Inventory, using an acronym from the initials
of the first three factors.

The consistent finding of the same factors


from different assessment procedures
suggests that these factors can be relied on
as distinguishing aspects of personality. The
five factors and their characteristic traits are
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TABLE

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Other researchers, following the lead provided by
McCrae and Costa, developed adjective checklists that
have proven to be quicker measures of the five factors.

Research participants respond to the lists by selecting


the words that best describe themselves. One such list
uses 100 adjectives to measure the five factors;
another uses only 40 (Goldberg, 1992; Saucier, 1994).
Another successful approach to measuring the Big Five
factors and their personality traits uses a structured
interview consisting of 120 items to which research
participants respond orally (Trull et al., 1998).

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It is important to note that even though other
tests have been proposed as ways to measure
the Big Five factors, the NEO remains the most
frequently used technique (De Raad, 2000).

However, research has shown that the NEO, like


most personality tests, can be distorted by the
behavior of research participants who want to
create the impression of positive psychological
adjustment (Ballenger, CaldwellAndrews, & Baer,
2001). We can see a resemblance between the
extraversion and neuroticism factors of McCrae
and Costa and the extraversion and neuroticism
dimensions of Eysenck’s theory.

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Further, agreeableness and conscientiousness in the
McCrae-Costa model may represent the low end of
Eysenck’s psychoticism dimension (impulse control).
Openness shows a high positive correlation with
intelligence.

Similarly, agreeableness correlates with Alfred


Adler’s concept of social interest, which we
discussed in Chapter 4 (McCrae & Costa, 1991;
Zuckerman, 1991). Studies of twins have found that
four of the five factors show a stronger hereditary
component: neuroticism, extraversion, openness,
and conscientiousness. Agreeableness was found to
have a stronger environmental component
(Bergeman et al., 1993; Pedersen
20XX et al., 1988)
presentation title 8

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