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Translation - Initiation

The document outlines the process of translation, which is the most complex synthetic activity in a cell involving tRNAs, ribosomes, mRNA, proteins, cations, and GTP. It details the three stages of polypeptide synthesis: Initiation, Elongation, and Termination, with a focus on the initiation phase in prokaryotes, including the role of the Shine-Dalgarno sequence and initiation factors. The document also references key literature on cell biology and genetics.

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19 views11 pages

Translation - Initiation

The document outlines the process of translation, which is the most complex synthetic activity in a cell involving tRNAs, ribosomes, mRNA, proteins, cations, and GTP. It details the three stages of polypeptide synthesis: Initiation, Elongation, and Termination, with a focus on the initiation phase in prokaryotes, including the role of the Shine-Dalgarno sequence and initiation factors. The document also references key literature on cell biology and genetics.

Uploaded by

archanaratheesh110123
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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TRANSLATIO

N
INTRODUCTION
• Most complex synthetic activity in a cell
• Requires- all tRNAs with attached amino acids,
ribosomes, mRNA, numerous proteins, cations and
GTP.

• Synthesis of a polypeptide occurs in 3 stages:


Initiation, Elongation & Termination
INITIATION
• Ribosome attaches to the mRNA at a particular site-
initiation codon- to ensure proper triplets are read.

• Initiation codon is AUG, binding to which puts the


ribosome in the proper reading frame.
• 4 basic steps in prokaryotic bacterial initiation.
Step 1- Bringing the small ribosomal
subunit to the initiation Codon

• An mRNA does not bind to an intact ribosome, but


to small and large subunits in separate stages.

• 1st step- binding of the small ribosomal subunit to


the first AUG sequence in the message.
• Bacterial mRNAs possess a specific sequence of
nucleotides, that resides 5-10 nucleotides before the
initiation codon- Shine -Dalgarno sequence.
• Shine- Dalgarno sequence is complementary to a
sequence near the 3’ end of the 16S ribosomal RNA
of the small subunit.
• Interaction between these sequences leads to
attachment of 30S subunit at the AUG initiation
• Shine- Dalgarno sequence is complementary to a seq
of nucleotides at 3'end of 16Sribosomal RNA of the
30 S subunit.

• Interaction b/w these complementary sequences


enhances the attachment of the 30 S subunit to
the AUG initiator codon.
Initiation requires Initiation factors
• Several of the steps require the help of soluble
proteins, Initiation factors- Ifs in bacteria and eIFs
in eukaryotes.
• In bacteria- 3 initiation factors
- IF1, IF2 and IF3.
• IF2:- GTP- binding protein, necessary for attaching
first aminoacyl-tRNA.
• IF3- may prevent the large subunit(50S) from
joining prematurely to the smaller subunit, also
facilitates entry of the initial aa-tRNA.
• IF1- facilitates attachment of the 30S subunit to the
mRNA, also prevent the initial aa-tRNA from
entering the wrong site.
Step 2: Bringing the first aa-tRNA into the
ribosome
• AUG is more than just an initiation codon.

• It is the only Codon for methionine(Met).

• Met- 1st amino acid to be incorporated at the N-


terminus of a nascent polypeptide chain.

• In bacteria, the initial methionine bears a formyl


group.

• The initiator aa-tRNA enters the P-site of the


ribosome, where it binds to both AUG codon and
IF2.
Step 3: Assembling the Complete Initiation
complex
• Once the initiator tRNA is bound to the AUG codon
and IF3 is displaced, larger subunit joins the
complex.

• GTP bound to IF2 is hydrolyzed.


REFERENCES
• Gerald Karp(2005).Cell and
Molecular Biology.John Wiley
and Son.Inc.USA

• Snustad D.P & Simmons,M.J


(2002).Principles of Genetics.John
Wiley and Sons.Inc.New York

• http://en.wikipedia.org/Translation

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