Arrhenius concept of Acids and Bases

Acids
The substance that dissociates in water to give hydrogen ions (H +) are Acids.
EX: HCl, H2SO4, HClO4 etc water H+ + Cl-
HCl
Bases
The substance that dissociates in water to give hydroxide ions (OH -) are
Bases.
water K+ + OH-
EX: NaOH, KOH, Ba(OH)2 KOH

Neutralisation
Formation of salt and water by reaction of Acid with base is called
Neutralisation.
EX: HCl + NaOH NaCl + H2O
 Limitation of Arrhenius concept

 It does not explain the acidic character of certain compounds like CO 2,

SO2, AlCl3, etc.
 It does not explain the basic character of certain compounds like
Na2CO3, NH3 etc.
 It does not explain the behaviour of acids and bases in the absence of
water.
 It does not explain the nature of H+ and OH- ions in water.
Bronsted Acid The Bronsted – Lowry Acids and Bases
 Any substance that is capable of donating a hydrogen ion H + (Proton)is
called an acid.
EX: HCl, H2O, H2SO4 HNO3 etc.
Bronsted Base
 Any substance that is capable of accepting a hydrogen ion (H +) is called
base.
EX: NH3, H2O, OH- Cl- etc.
Amphoteric Substance
 Any substance that is capable of a accepting and donating a proton
(H+)is called an Amphiprotic substance.
EX: NH3, H2O etc.
 What is conjugate acid-base pair ?
Answer:
The Acid – Base pair that differs only by one proton is called a conjugate
acid – base pair.

Adds proton

HCl (aq) + H2O H3O+(aq) + Cl-

loses proton
 Every Acid has it’s conjugated base and every base has it’s
conjugated Acid.
 Every strong acid has a weak conjugate base.

 Every weak acid has a strong conjugate base.

 Ex: HCl’s conjugate base is Cl – (Chloride ion) H2O’ s conjugate Acid

is H3O+ (Hydronium ion).
The species H2O, HCO3-, HSO4- and NH3 can act both as Bronsted acids and bases, for
each case the corresponding conjugate acid and conjugate base are :
Conjugate bases of HF, H2SO4 and HCO3- are…..

1) H2F+, HSO4-, CO3-2

2) SO4-2, CO3-2, HF

3) F-, HSO4-, CO3-2

4) F-, SO4-2, CO3-2

Conjugate Acid of NH2-, NH3 and HCOO- are

1) NH3, NH4+, HCOOH

2) NH3, NH2-, COO-2

3) NH2-, NH4 +, HCOOH

4) None of these
 Lewis Acid and Base Theory:

It is based on electron pair acceptance and donation.

Acid:

A species which accepts electron pair is called a Lewis Acid.

Ex: AlCl3, BF3, H+ etc.

Base:

A species which donates electron pair is called a Lewis base.

Ex: NH3, H2O, CH2  CH2 etc

 Neutralization

Formation of a coordinate covalent bond or Dative bond is called

Neutralization.
Ex:
H3N: + BF3 H3N: BF3,
Base Acid Neutralization

H3N: + H+ H3N:H+,
Base Acid Neutralization
 Ionisation of Acids and Bases

 Arrhenius concept of acids and bases becomes useful in case of ionization of acids
and bases.
 Most of the ionizations of chemical and biological systems occur in aqueous
medium.
 Perchloric acid (HClO4), Hydrochloric Acid (HCl), Hydrobromic Acid (HBr),
Hydroiodic acid (HI), Nitric Acid (HNO3) and Sulphuric acid (H2SO4) are termed
strong acids as they are almost completely dissociated into their constituent ions in
an aqueous medium.
 They act as Proton (H+) donors.
 Lithium Hydroxide (LiOH), Sodium Hydroxide (NaOH), Potassium hydroxide
(KOH), Cesium hydroxide (CsOH), Barium hydroxide(Ba(OH)2) are almost
completely dissociate into ions in an aqueous medium giving hydroxyl ions OH-.
 Ionisation of Acids and Bases

 According to Arrhenius concept strong acids and bases are able to completely

dissociate and produce large number of H3O+ and OH- ions in the aqueous solution.

 According to Brownsted – Lowry , strong acid means a good proton donor.

 Strong base means a good proton acceptor.

 Electrolytes

 Substance which on dissolving in water dissociates into their ions are

electrolytes. These are classified as
 Electrolytes
Strong electrolytes
 The are completely ionized (dissociated) in their aqueous solution

 All strong acids, strong base and water-soluble salts are strong electrolytes

 Generally, salts of alkali metals, NH4+ and NO3- are water soluble
Weak electrolytes
 The are partially ionized in their aqueous solution

 All weak acids, weak base and water are weak electrolytes

 All sparingly soluble salts are weak electrolytes

 Ex: AgCl, PbCl2, Hg2Cl2, Ag2SO4 etc

 The Ionization constant of weak electrolyte

AB(aq) ⇋ A+(aq) + B- (aq)

Weak electrolytes remains in equilibrium with its respective ions.
Calculate the concentration of each species at equilibrium for 0.1 M solution of weak
electrolyte AB if: (i) KI= 10-5 ; (ii) KI= 10-2
Calculate the concentration of each species at equilibrium for 0.1 M solution of weak
electrolyte AB if: (i) KI= 10-5 ; (ii) KI= 10-2
 Ionisation constant of weak acids Ionisation constant of weak acids
Let us consider a weak acid HX that is Consider the weak base as MOH
partially ionized in the aqueous solution. According to Arrhenius concept.

HX(aq) H3O+(aq)+ X-(aq) MOH(aq) M+(aq) + OH-(aq)

Calculate the H+ ion concentration of 0.005 M CH3COOH solution (Ka = 1.25 X 10-6)
Calculate ionization constant of weak base NH4OH if the concentration of OH- ions in
its 0.1 M aqueous solution is 0.05 M.
 Common ion effect
The suppression of degree of ionization of weak electrolytes when a strong
electrolyte containing a common ion is added to it.
22
Calculate the concentration of each species at equilibrium in an aqueous solution
containing (i) 0.1 M NH4OH only (ii) 0.1 M NH4Cl along with NH4OH (Given Kb = 1.8 X
10-5)
Calculate the concentration of each species at equilibrium in an aqueous solution
containing (i) 0.1 M NH4OH only (ii) 0.1 M NH4Cl along with NH4OH (Given Kb = 1.8 X
10-5)
Calculate the concentration of H+ and CH3COO- at equilibrium if 0.5 M HCl added in an

aqueous solution containing 0.1 M CH3COOH. (Given Ka for CH3COOH is 1.8 X 10-5)
 Ostwald’s dilution law
According to the law, the degree of ionization of a weak electrolyte increase with dilution
A solution of organic acid (Ka = 10-8) dissociates 0.1 %. What is the concentration of acid
solution
 POLY BASIC ACIDS

Acids with more than one ionizable proton per molecule are known as poly basic acids.
EX:
H2X As a acid
K
H2X (aq) H+ (aq) +HX-(aq) Ka1 is first ionization constant.
K i.e., Primary ionization constant.
HX- (aq) H+ (aq) + X-2(aq)

K= K=
Ka1 (primary ionization constant )> Ka2 (Secondary ionization constant)
due to increase in force of attraction on the remaining proton.
For Example: H2CO3 (Carbonic Acid)
K −
K
H2CO3 HCO3 + H
- + HCO 𝟑 CO32- + H+

K=
K=

K = 4.3 x 10 -7 (1) K = 5.6 x 10-11 (2)

From 1 and 2 conforms that K > K

The Ionization constants of same common poly –protic acids(298k)
Acid Ka1 Ka2 Ka3

Oxalic Acid 5.9 x10 -2 6.4 x 10 -5

Ascorbic Acid 7.4 x 10 -4 1.6 x 10 -2

Sulphurous Acid 1.7 x 10 -2 6.4 x 10 -8

Sulphuric Acid very large 1.2 x 10 -2

Citric Acid 7.4 x 10 -4 1.7 x 10 -5 4.0 x 10 -7

Phosphoric Acid 7.5 x 10 -3 6.2 x 10 -8 4.2 x 10 -13

 Factors Affecting Acid Strength

Capacity to lose of proton by acid is called strength of Acid ( Termed as

dissociation ability).
 The extent of dissociation of an acid depends on the strength and
polarity of bond. ( ex: Acid, HA)
Strength of bond

Dissociation energy  strength of bond

Dissociation capacity  polarity
 Comparison of Acid strength in the periodic table
In a group

Bond strength is a more important factor than polar nature of bond

For Example,
Hydro halic acid (HX)

HF < HCl < HBr < HI

As Atomic size of halogen increases bond strength decreases therefore

acidic strength increases.
 Comparison of Acid strength in the periodic table
In a period
Polarity becomes the deciding factor for determining the acid strength.
For Example:
CH4 < NH3 < H2O < HF
Bond polarity increases along a period with increase in electronegativity.

As electro negativity of central atom increases bond polarity increases

therefore acidic strength increases.
Order of dissociation constant value of the following:

H3PO4 H2PO4- + H+ ; Ka1

H2PO4- HPO42- + H+ ; Ka2
HPO4-2 PO4-3 + H+ ; Ka3
1) Ka1 = Ka2 = Ka3 3) Ka1 > Ka2 < Ka3
2) Ka1 > Ka2 > Ka3 4) Ka3 > Ka2 > Ka1
Ionic product of water
Ionic product of water
 Ionic product of water

The product of concentration proton and concentration of Hydroxyl ion

of water at given temperature called ionic product of water.

i.e. Kw =

Units of ionic product of water

= Mole2 litre-2
or
gm-ion2/litre2.
 Ionic product of water

 At room temperature (298K) = 1.0 x 10 -7M for pure water.

 As dissociation of water produces equal no. of H + and OH- ions.

 Hence concentration of = = 1.0 x 10-7M

 Ionic product of water

 Thus, the value of Kw at 298K,

Kw =
= (1.0 x 10-7M)2
= 1.0 x 10-14M2
 The value of Kw is temperature dependent.
 Molarity of water

The density of pure water is 1000g/litre

Molar mass of water = 18.0 g/mol

∵ Molarity of water
= w/m.w  1000/v
= 1/18  1000/1
=

= 55.55M
 Directions of equilibrium of water

The ratio of dissociated water (H+ or OH-) to that of undissociated water is

= = 1.8x10-9 or 2x10-9 (nearly)

Thus the equilibrium lies mainly towards un-dissociated water.

 Behavior of aqueous solution

Based on concentration of H+ and OH-

Acidic : >
Neutral : =

Basic : <
The ionic product of water at 80 0C is. 2.44  10-13. What are the concentration of
hydronium and the hydroxide in pure water at 80 oC?

Answer:
F=
∵Kw =2
=

= = 4.94 x 10-7 mole/litre.

= 4.94 x 10-7 moles/litre.
 pH Scale or pH value

The negative logarithm to the base 10 of molar concentration of H +

ion called pH-value.

pH = -
At 250c, For Acidic solution pH < 7
For Basic solution pH > 7

For Neutral solution pH = 7

At 298K,
Kw = = 10-14
Taking negative logarithm on both sides

-log Kw = -log

-log Kw = -log - log

-log Kw = -log 10-14
-log Kw = pKw; -log[H+] = pH , -log[OH-] = pOH

 pKw = pH + pOH = 14
The concentration of Hydrogen ion in a sample of soft drink is 3.8 x 10 -3M.
What is its pH ? (Given: log 3.8 = 0.58)

Answer:
pH = - log
= - log
=-
= 3 - log 3.8 (∵ log 3.8 = 0.58)

pH = 2.42
= 3 - log 0.58 = 2.42
Calculate the pH of the following

(i) 0.1 M HCl,

(ii) 10-3 M HCl,

(iii) 0.05 M HNO3,

(iv) 10-7 M HCl,

(v) 10-4 M NaOH,

(vi) 10-8 M NaOH

Calculate pH of a 1.0 x 10-8 M solution of HCl
Calculate the pH of the following (i) 0.1 M HCl, (ii) 10 -3 M HCl, (iii) 0.05 M HNO3, (iv)
10-7 M HCl, (v) 10-4 M NaOH, (ii) 10-8 M NaOH
Calculate the pH of the following (i) 0.1 M H2SO4, (ii) 10-3 M Ba(OH)2
Calculation of pH of mixture of strong acids and strong base
Calculate the pH of following mixture of 400 mL of 0.5 M H2SO4 + 400 mL of 0.5 M HCl
A 50 mL of strong acid of pH=1 is mixed with a 50 mL solution of strong acid of pH=2.
The pH of mixture will be nearly [log5.5 = 0.74]
Calculate the pH of the following mixture of 400 mL of 0.5 M Ba(OH)2 + 400 mL of 0.5
M HCl
60 ml of 0.3M KOH and 40ml of 0.2M HCl are mixed. What is the pH of the mixture ?

Answer: =

=
M1 = 0.03m M2 = 0.02m

=
V1 = 60ml V2 = 40ml
M1 V1 = 0.03  60 = 18
M2 V2 = 0. 2  40 = 8
M1 V1 > M2 V2 [Base ]>[Acid]
= 0.1
pOH = -log(0.1) = 1
pH + pOH = 14
pH = 14 - pOH
pH = 14 – 1 = 13
pH of a weak acid and weak base (monoprotic)
pH of a weak acid and weak base (monoprotic)
The Ka value for HCN is 10-9. What is the pH of deci molar HCN solution?

Answer:
Ka = 10-9 C = 0.1 = 1 x 10-1
= =
= 10-5 moles/ lit
pH = - log 10-5
pH of the solution
pH = 5
pH = - log
Calculate the pH of (Given Ka=1.8 X 10-5 (i) 10-1 CH3COOH; (ii) 10-3 CH3COOH;

(iii) 10-6 CH3COOH

Calculate the pH of 0.01 M RNH2 solution. (Given Kb=2X10-6)
The pH of 0.04 m Hydrazine solution is 9.7. Calculate its ionization constant K b and pKb

Answer:
= 5.98 x 10 -5
NH2 – NH2 + H2O NH2+NH3 +OH-
= Antilog of (- pH) Kb =

= Antilog(-9.7)
Kb =
= 1.67 x 10 -10
= = Kb = 8.96 x 10-7
pKb = -log Kb
pKb = -log (8.96 x 10-7)
pKb = 6.04
 The pH of 0.1M mono basic acid is 4.50. Calculate the concentration of species H +, A –
and HA at equilibrium. Also determine the value of Ka and pKa of the mono basic acid.
[antilog 0.5= 3.162; antilog 10-5=10-5]
Answer: = 3.162 x 10 -5
pH = - log HA
= 10 -pH [A]- = [H+] = 3.162  10-5
= 10 -4.50 [ H ] + = Cα
= 10 -4.50 = 10-5 x 10 0.5 α = [H+]/C = 3.162  10-5 /0.1 = 3.162  10-4
now see the anti log values
of 0.5 and 10-5 they are Ka=C α2 = 0.1 x(3.162x10-4 )2 = 9.998x10-9
3.162 for 0.5 and 10-5 for 10- [HA] = C(1-α) = 0.1(1-0.00003162)
5

= 0.1(0.999968)=0.0999968
Calculate the pH of 0.08m solution of hypochlorous acid(HOCl). The ionization
constant of the acid is 2.5 x 10 -5. Determine the percent dissociation of HOCl.
Answer:
HOCl(aq)+H2O H3O+(aq)+ClO-(aq)
Initial 0.08 0 0
concentration
Change in -x +x +x
concentration
At equilibrium 0.08-x +x +x
concentration
Ka =

Ka =
Answer:
For very dilute solution x < < 0.08

0.08 –x = 0.08
= 2.5 x 10-5

x2 = 2.0 x 10-6
x = 1.41 x 10-3
Thus, = 1.41 x 10-3
Answer:
Percent dissociation =

−𝟑
𝟏 .𝟒𝟏 × 𝟏𝟎 ×𝟏𝟎𝟎
= 𝟎 .𝟎𝟖
= 1.76%
pH = - log(1.41 × 10-3)
pH = 2.85
Relative strength of two weak acids
Calculate the pH of 0.01 M HCl mixed with 0.1 M CH3COOH. (Given Kb=1.8 X 10-5)
Calculate the pH of 0.1 M CH3COOH mixed with 0.1 M formic acid. CH3COOH. Given
Ka for acidic acid and formic acid is 1.8X10-5
Calculate the pH of 0.1 M formic acid mixed with 0.1 M CH3COOH. Assume 4 %
dissociated both.
Relation between ka and kb for conjugated acid base pair
 Hydrolysis of salts or Salt hydrolysis
 The interaction of ions of a salt with water to produce acidic or alkaline
solution is called salt hydrolysis
 Hydrolysis of salts or Salt hydrolysis

Types of salts based on hydrolysis: Four

1. Salt of a strong acid and strong base

2. Salt of a strong acid and weak base

3. Salt of a strong base and weak acid

4. Salt of a weak base and weak acid

 1. Salt of a strong acid and strong base

Generally chlorides, sulphates, nitrates and perchlorates of alkali metals

are salts of strong acids and strong bases.
Ex:
NaCl, Na2SO4,KNO3 ,KBr, KI ,KClO4
 2. Salt of a strong acid and weak base

Generally first members of alkaline earth metals, other group metal

hydroxides with strong acids give salts of strong acid and weak bases.
Ex:
NH4Cl, (NH4)2SO4 , NH4ClO4 , NH4NO3, NH4I, CuSO4 , Al2(SO4)3,
ZnSO4, MgSO4, CaSO4 , MgCl2, Mg(NO3)2 CaCl2 Al(NO3)3etc.
 3. Salt of a strong base and weak acid

Generally, alkali metal hydroxides with weak acids which may be organic
or inorganic give salts of strong bases and weak acids.
Ex:
KF, K2C2O4 (Potassium oxalate) CH3COOK (potassium acetate)
CH3COONa, CsF, RbF, NaF, Na2S, K2S, NaNO2, Na3PO4, Na2CO3 , KCN,
NaPO3(sodium metaphosphate) HCOOK, NaH 2PO2, Na2HPO3, K2SO3 ,
C6H5COONa(sodium benzoate) K4P2O7(potassium pyrophosphate)etc.
3. Salt of a strong base and weak acid
Generally, alkaline earth metal, other metal hydroxides with weak acids
which may be organic or inorganic give salts of weak bases and weak acids.
Ex:
NH4F, (NH4)2C2O4 (Ammonium oxalate) CH3COONH4 (Ammonium acetate)
CaS, (NH4)2S, Mg(CH3COO)2, Pb(CH3COO)2 (lead acetate) ZnC2O4 (Zinc
oxalate)NH4NO2, (NH4)3PO4, AlPO4 , Zn3(PO4)2 Zn3P2 HCOONH4
(Ammonium formate) C6H5COONH4(Ammonium benzoate) , NH4CN,
Mg(CN)2
 4. Salt of a weak base and weak acid

The aqueous solution of these salts is small most neutral and p H is all most
equal to 7.
The nature of the salt solution actually depends on K a and Kb values of
acid and base.
Ex:
CH3COONH4, HCOONH4,NH4CN,Al(CH3COO)3 etc…
4. Salt of a weak base and weak acid

i) If Ka = Kb, solution is exactly neutral.

Ex: CH3COONH4
Ka of CH3COOH = Kb of NH4OH
ii) If Ka > Kb, solution is acidic.
Ex: HCOONH4
Ka of HCOOH > Kb of NH4OH
iii) If Ka < Kb, solution is basic.
Ex: Mg(CN)2
Kb of Mg(CN)2 > Ka of HCN
 Salt hydrolysis of a salt of Strong acid and strong base: (No salt hydrolysis):
 Salt of strong acid and strong base The solution has no effect
does not under goes hydrolysis as on litmus paper.
both cation and anion are hydrated.
 As the acid and base produced are strong and completely ionize in
water, [H+]= [OH-] the solution remains neutral.

 pH of the solution is 7

NaCl + H2O NaOH + HCl

Salt
Strong base Strong acid
Reverse of Neutralization is Salt hydrolysis.

NaOH + HCl NaCl + H2O

Base Acid
Salt Water
Neutralization

NH4Cl + H2O NH4OH + HCl

Base Water
Base Acid
Salt hydrolysis
 NaOH ⇋ Na + + OH −
HCl ⇋ H+ + Cl−
[
 [Na(H2O)x ]+ Hydrated sodium ion
 [Cl(H2O)y ]- Hydrated chloride ion
H + + xH2 O → [ H ( H 2O ) x ] + Hydrated proton

 [OH(H2O)y ]- Hydrated hydroxide ion

 The cations (e.x: Na+, K+, Ca2+, Ba2+ , etc) of strong bases and anoins (e.x:
Cl-,Br-, I- , NO3- SO42-,ClO4-etc) of strong acids
simply get hydrated but do not undergo hydrolysis as they are
weak being conjugates of strong acids and strong bases.
 Question
What type of salts undergo Salt hydrolysis?

Answer:

1. Salt of strong base and weak acid

2. Salt of strong acid and weak base
3. Salt of weak acid and weak base
Hydrolysis of a salt of a strong acid and a weak base.
Hydrolysis of a salt of a strong acid and a weak base.
 Hydrolysis of a salt of a strong acid and a weak base.
 Hydrolysis of a salt of a strong acid and a weak base.
Let us study the hydrolysis of NH4Cl.

NH4Cl + H2O  NH4OH+HCl

 From the reaction we can understand that it is formed from weak base NH4OH and
strong acid HCl.
 The solution is acidic as [H+]> [OH-]

 The pH of the solution is < 7

 The solution turns blue litmus to red.

 The solution remains colourless by the addition of phenolphthalein.

 The solution turns pink by the addition of methyl orange indicator.

 Hydrolysis of a salt of a strong acid and a weak base.

1. NH4Cl ⇋ NH4++ Cl – (ionisation)

2. NH4+ + H2O ⇋ NH4OH + H+ (acidic nature)

 The solution exhibits acidic nature due to [H +]>[OH-] as NH4OH is a

weak base.
 It is cationic salt hydrolysis as cation of the salt reacts with water to
give acidic nature to the solution.
Hydrolysis of a salt of a strong base and a weak acid.
Dr Maruthupandi
 Hydrolysis of a salt of a strong base and a weak acid.

Hydrolysis of a salt of a strong base and a weak acid.

Let us study the hydrolysis of CH3COONa

CH3COONa+H2O CH3COOH +NaOH

From the reaction we can understand that it is formed from

Strong base NaOH and weak acid CH3COOH.
 Hydrolysis of a salt of a strong base and a weak acid.

The solution is basic as [H+]< [OH-]

The pH of the solution is >7

The solution turns red litmus to blue.

The solution turns pink in colour on addition of phenolphthalein.

The solution turns golden yellow by the addition of methyl orange indicator.
CH3COOH⇋CH3COO−+H+(ionization¿
CH3COO−+H2O⇋CH3COOH +OH−(basic nature)
The solution exhibits basic nature due to [H +]<[OH-]
as CH3COOH is a weak acid.

It is an anionic salt hydrolysis as Anion (acetate ion) of

the salt reacts with water to give basic nature to the
solution.
Which of the following salt would impart acidic nature to the aqueous solution of it?
1. NaCl 2. Na2SO4 3. AlCl3 4. CH3COONH4
Which of the following salts impart basic nature to the aqueous solution?
1) HCOOK 2) Na2CO3 3) K2C2O4 4) RbF 5) ALL OF THESE
Hydrolysis of a salt of a weak acid and a weak base.
 Hydrolysis of a salt of a weak acid and a weak base.

Hydrolysis of a salt of a Weak base and a weak acid

Let us study the hydrolysis of CH3COONH4

CH3COONH4+ H2O  CH3COOH + NH4OH

From the reaction we can understand that

it is formed from weak base( NH4OH) and
weak acid(CH3COOH).
The solution has no effect on litmus.

If Ka>Kb or pKa<pKb the solution will be acidic. It

turns blue litmus to red.

If Ka<Kb or pKa>pKb the solution will be basic.

It turns blue litmus to red.
CH3COONH4 ⇋ CH3COO− +NH4+(ionization)
CH3COO−+NH4++H2O ⇋ CH3COOH +NH4OH(Neutral)
The solution exhibits neutral nature due to [H +]=[OH-] as
CH3COOH and NH4OH are weak acid and weak base.

It is both cationic and anionic salt hydrolysis as Anion

(CH3COO-)(acetate ion) and NH4+ ion of the salt reacts with
water to give neutral nature to the solution.
Salt hydrolysis expression Kh = Kw /(Ka× Kb)

The following expressions can obtained from the above equation

CH3COOH⇋CH3 COO−+ H+

NH 4 OH ⇋ NH 4 + OH −
Which of the following salt undergoes both cationic and anionic salt hydrolysis?

1. Ammonium acetate

2. Ammonium oxalate

3. Ammonium phosphate

4. Ammonium carbonate

5. All of these
2. Which of the following salt undergoes both cationic and anionic salt
hydrolysis and gives acidic nature to the solution?
1. Ammonium acetate
2. Ammonium formate
3. Magnesium cyanide
4. Calcium cyanide
Which of the following salt undergoes both cationic and anionic salt

hydrolysis and gives basic nature to the solution?

1. Ammonium formate

2. Magnesium cyanide

3. Calcium cyanide

4. Both 2 & 3
What is the value of hydrolysis constant of a salt of weak base and a strong acid
NH4Cl, if the Kb=1.0x10-5 ?
1) 10-14 2) 10-13 3) 10-15 4)10-9
Solution:

For a salt of Weak base and strong acid

Kh= Kw/Kb

Kh= Kw/Kb
= 1.0x10-14/1.0x10-5
Kh=1.0x10-9
 What is the value of hydrolysis constant of a salt of weak acid and a
strong base CH3COONa, if its Ka=1.0x10-5 ?
1) 10-14 2) 10-13 3) 10-15 4)10-9

Solution:
For a salt of a Weak acid and strong base
Kh= Kw/Ka

Kh= Kw/Ka
= 1.0x10-14/1.0x10-5
Kh=1.0x10-9
What is the value of hydrolysis constant of a salt of weak acid and a weak
base CH3COONH4, if its Ka=1.0x10-5 and Kb= 1.0x10-5 ?
1) 10-4 2) 10-13 3) 10-15 4)10-9

Solution:
For a salt of a Weak acid and strong base K h= Kw/Ka × Kb

Kh= Kw/Kb × Kb
= 1.0 × 10-14/1.0 × 10-5 × 1.0 × 10-5
Kh=1.0 × 10-4
What is the pH value of of a salt of weak acid and a weak base CH 3COONH4,
if its Ka=1.0x10-5 and Kb= 1.0x10-5?
1) 10 2) 12 3) 6 4) 7

Solution:
For a salt of a Weak acid and weak base
pH=7+1/2pKa -1/2pKb
pH=7+1/2pKa -1/2pKb
pKa=-logKa=-log1.0x10-5 = 5
pKb=-logKb=-log1.0x10-5 = 5
pH= 7 +1/2 × 5 - 1/2 × 5 = 7 + 2.5 - 2.5=7
What is the degree of hydrolysis(h)and also % degree of hydrolysis of a salt
CH3COONa if its pH=6 and concentration is 0.1M?
1. 10-4 2. 10-13 3. 10-5 4.10-9

Solution:
[H+]= 10-pH = 10-6 [H+]=ch
h= [H+]/c = 10-6 /0.1 = 10-5
In the above problem what is the Ka and also % degree of hydrolysis value?

1. 10-4 2. 10-11 3. 10-5 4.10-9

Solution:

%h=h × 100= 10-5 × 100= 10-3%

Ka= ch2 = 0.1 (10-5)2 = 1.0 x10-11
Calculate the hydrolysis constant and degree of hydrolysis for NH4Cl which is 0.1 M. Also

calculate the pH. Given Kb =1.8 X 10-5

Calculate the degree of hydrolysis and pH of solution obtained by dissolving 0.1 mol of
CH3COONa in water to get 100 L of solution. Ka for acidic acid is 2 X 10-5
A 0.25 M solution of pyridinium chloride C5H5NH+Cl- was found to have a pH of 2.75.
What is kb for pyridine
Calculate the pH of 10-3 M sodium phenolate NaOC6H5 Ka for HOC6H5 is 1.05 X 10-10
 Buffer solutions

 The solutions which resist change in pH on dilution or on addition of small

amount of acid or alkali are called Buffer solutions.
 Resisting change in pH value on adding acid or base to buffer is called buffer
action.
 Types of buffer.

Simple buffer.
Made up of a single substance e.g: weak acid and weak base
 Types of buffer.

Mixed buffer.
Mixture of two substance
(i) Acidic buffer solution.
The buffer solution which consists of a weak acid and salt of it with a strong
base is acidic buffer solution. Ex: CH3COOH + CH3COONa
(ii) Basic buffer solution
The buffer solution which consists of a weak base and salt of it with a strong
acid is called basic buffer solution. Ex: NH4OH +NH4Cl
Working of acidic buffer:
Working of basic buffer:
Derive Henderson's pH equation for an Acid Buffer
Derive Henderson's pH equation for an Base Buffer
Calculate the pH of 1 L solution containing 0.01 M CH3COOH and 0.02 M CH3COONa.
Given Ka = 1.8 X 10-5
Calculate the pH of solution obtained on mixing 100 mL of 0.1 M CH3COOH with 100 mL
of 0.1 M NaOH. Given ka(CH3COOH) = 1.8 X 10-5
Calculate the pH of solution obtained on mixing 100 mL of 0.1 M CH3COOH with 50mL
of 0.1 M NaOH. Given ka(CH3COOH) = 1.8 X 10-5
Calculate the pH of solution obtained on mixing 50 mL of 0.1 M CH3COOH with 100mL
of 0.1 M NaOH. Given ka(CH3COOH) = 1.8 X 10-5
50 mL of 0.1 M CH3COOH titrated against 0.1 M NaOH. Calculate the pH:
(i) When 10 mL of NaOH is added
(ii) When 50 mL of NaOH is added
Given Ka for CH3COOH = 1.8 X 10-5
50 mL of 0.1 M CH3COOH titrated against 0.1 M NaOH. Calculate the pH:
(i) When 10 mL of NaOH is added
(ii) When 50 mL of NaOH is added
Given Ka for CH3COOH = 1.8 X 10-5
 Solubility

Solubility is defined as maximum no of moles per litre which can be dissolved

in a solution
It is represented in mol/L

Classification of salts on basis of solubility Three types, they are:

Category -I Soluble Solubility > 0.1M

Category -II Slightly soluble 0.1 < solubility <

0.01M
Category -III Sparingly soluble Solubility <0.01M
Soluble salts :
The solution has more than 1g of the salt in 100ml solution. ex: NaCl,
KCl, BaCl2
Sparingly soluble salts :
The solution has less than 1g of the salt (solute)in 100ml solution. ex:
AgCl, AgBr, AgI, BaF2 etc
Insoluble soluble salts :
The solution has less than10-3 g of the salt (solute)in 100ml solution.
ex: Carbonates CaCO3, BaCO3 PbSO4, BaSO4, Ag2S, PbS etc.
 Sparingly soluble salt
We consider the sparingly soluble salt as weak electrolyte

131
132
133
AxBy type salt

134
 Applications of solubility product.
Common ion effect on solubility of salts.
 Solubility of salts decreases by addition of any common ion of that
salt.
 It follows Lechatlier principle.
 EX: Solubility of NaCl can be decreased by addition of HCl.
 The common ion effect also used in the estimation of sparingly soluble
salts by using solubility product.
 In the preparation of silver ion as silver chloride ferric oxide and
its hydroxide and barium ion as its sulphate for quantitative
estimation.
 The concept of solubility product helps in predicting the formation of
precipitate.

 In an unsaturated solution ionic product < solubility product (K ip<Ksp).

No precipitation takes place (No.ppt.)
 In a supersaturated solution ionic product > solubility product (K ip>Ksp )
precipitation takes place (ppt. is formed)
 In a saturated solution ionic product = solubility product (K ip=Ksp)
precipitation takes place (ppt. is formed)
 The solubility of salts of weak acids like phosphates increases at lower
pH.
 It is useful in salting out of soap.
The solubility of Ag2SO4 is
1) Ksp 2) 3) 4)
The value of Ksp of two springly soluble salts Ni(OH)2 and AgCN are 2.0 x 10 -15
and
6.0 x 10 -17 respectively. Which salt is more soluble?
1) AgCN
2) Ni(OH)2
3)
4) s
The value of Ksp for Mg(OH)2 is 3.2 X 1014, its solubility in water is
Calculate the solubility of mercurous chloride (Hg2Cl2) in water. Its Ksp is 10.8 X 10-23
Calculate the solubility of silver phosphates (Ag 3PO4) in mg/mL: (a) in a pure

water, (b) In a solution that is 0.02 M in AgNO 3 Its Ksp of Ag3PO4 is 2.7 X 10-23
Calculate the solubility of silver phosphates (Ag 3PO4) in mg/mL: (a) in a pure
water, (b) In a solution that is 0.02 M in AgNO 3 Its Ksp of Ag3PO4 is 2.7 X 10-23
The solubility of Ag2CO3 in water at 25oC is 1 X 10-4 mol/L. What is the solubility in 0.01 M

Na2CO3 solution. Assume no hydrolysis of CO3-2 ion

Simultaneous solubility
A mixture of SrSO4(s) and BaSO4(s) is shaken with water until equilibrium is established.
Given that Ksp(SrSO4) is 7.5 X 10-7, Ksp(BaSO4) is 6 X 10-8. Calculate the concentration of
each species at equilibrium