SWITCHING &
TRANSMISSION
IMPAIRMENT PROBLEMS
ANUSHA N
TRANSMISSION IMPAIRMENT
ATTENUATION
• Decibel
• To show that a signal has lost or gained strength, engineers use
the unit of the decibel.
• The decibel (dB) measures the relative strengths of two signals
or one signal at two different points. Note that the decibel is
negative if a signal is attenuated and positive if a
• signal is amplified.
• Variables PI and P2 are the powers of a signal at points 1 and 2,
respectively.
The loss in a cable is usually defined in decibels per kilometer (dB/km). If the signal at the
beginning of a cable with −0.3 dB/km has a power of 2 mW, what is the power of the signal
at 5 km?
Solution
The loss in the cable in decibels is 5 × (−0.3) = −1.5 dB. We can calculate the power as
3.9
• Figure shows a switch (router) in a datagram network. Find the
output port for packets with the following destination addresses:
Packet 1: 7176 Packet 2: 1233 Packet 3: 8766 Packet 4: 9144
• Figure shows a switch (router) in a datagram network. Find the
output port for packets with the following destination addresses:
Packet 1: 7176 Packet 2: 1233 Packet 3: 8766 Packet 4: 9144
• Find the output port and the output VCI for packets with the following
input port and input VCI addresses: Packet 1: 3, 78 Packet 2: 2, 92
Packet 3: 4, 56 Packet 4: 2, 71
Recap of formulas
• Volume = Bandwidth * Delay
• Bit duration is inverse of Bandwidth
Points to remember
• Total time = Set uptime + Data Transfer+ Teardown phase
•
• Total time = Set uptime + Transmission delay+ propagation
delay + Teardown phase
Setup phase two way communication hence two propagation
delays and Transmission delays are needed.
Teardown phase one way communication so 1 propagation delay
and Transmission delays needed.
For setup and teardown we need minimum size packet to be
exchanged between A to B.
For Data transfer 1 propagation and 1 transmission delay are
needed as the same way for setup and teardown phases.
Problems in Circuit & Packet switching
A path in a digital circuit-switched network has a data rate of 1
Mbps. The exchange of 1000 bits is required for the setup and
teardown phases. The distance between two parties is 5000 km.
Answer the following questions if the propagations speed is 2 X
108 m/s
a. What is the total delay if 1000 bits of data are exchanged
during the data transfer phase?
Q15) Assume there is a network that transfers data using circuit switching. There are three switches between end-users
(sender and receiver) on this network, with a channel capacity (bandwidth) of 10 Mbps. Calculate the total time it takes to
send a 100-byte message from sender to recipient using the information below (Consider the given parameters according
to the requirement).
The propagation speed is estimated to be 2.4 * 10^8 m/s.
The hop distance between two nodes is 12,000 kilometres.
The header is 100 bytes long.
The circuit setup time is 10 seconds, and the circuit disconnect time is half that of the setup time.
Answer q1:
There are three switches between end-users (sender and receiver)
Q15) Assume there is a network that transfers data using circuit switching. There are three switches
between end-users (sender and receiver) on this network, with a channel capacity (bandwidth) of 10
Mbps. Calculate the total time it takes to send a 100-byte message from sender to recipient using the
information below (Consider the given parameters according to the requirement).
The propagation speed is estimated to be 2.4 * 10^8 m/s.
The hop distance between two nodes is 12,000 kilometres.
The header is 100 bytes long.
The circuit setup time is 10 seconds, and the circuit disconnect time is half that of the setup time.
Answer q1:
There are three switches between end-users (sender and receiver)
Number of hops=4
Bandwidth (W)=10Mbps=10×106bits/sec =107bits/sec
Message Size (M)=100bytes=10×8=800 bits
speed (S)= 2.4 * 10^8 m/s.
Distance (D)= 12,000 kilometres= 12000×1000 meters
Circuit Connection set up time=10 sec
Transmission delay= M/BW=Tt=MBw
Circuit disconnect/termination time= 5sec
Tt=800 bits107 Bits/sec=8×10-5 sec
Propagation delay Tp=DistanceSpeed
Tp=12000*103 meters2.54*103mesters/sec=5×10-2 sec
Total time= Connection set up time + Transmission delay + (Propagation delay * Number of hops) + Tear down time
Total time= 10+8×10-5 +(5×10-2 ×4)+5= 15.20008 sec =15200.08 ms=15200080 micro sec
• Number of hops=4
• Bandwidth (W)=10Mbps=10×10 6bits/sec =107bits/sec
• Message Size (M)=100bytes=10×8=800 bits
• speed (S)= 2.4 * 10^8 m/s.
• Distance (D)= 12,000 kilometres= 12000×1000 meters
• Circuit Connection set up time=10 sec
• Circuit disconnect/termination time= 5sec
• Transmission delay= M/BW=Tt=MBw
• Tt=800 bits/107 Bits/sec=8×10-5 sec
• Propagation delay Tp=Distance/Speed
• Tp=12000*103 meters2.54*103mesters/sec=5×10-2 sec
• Total time= Connection set up time + Transmission delay + (Propagation delay
* Number of hops) + Tear down time
• Total time= 10+8×10-5 +(5×10-2 ×4)+5= 15.20008 sec =15200.08
ms=15200080 micro sec
Problems in Circuit & Packet switching
• Problem-
• Consider all links in the network use TDM with 24 slots and have
a data rate of 1.536 Mbps. Assume that host A takes 500 msec to
establish an end to end circuit with host B before begin to transmit
the file. If the file is 512 kilobytes, then how much time will it take
to send the file from host A to host B?
• Solution-
• Given-
• Total bandwidth = 1.536 Mbps
• Bandwidth is shared among 24 slots
• Connection set up time = 500 msec
• File size = 512 KB
Problems in Circuit & Packet switching
• Calculating Bandwidth Per User-
• Total bandwidth = Number of users x Bandwidth per user
• So, Bandwidth per user
• = Total bandwidth / Number of users
• = 1.536 Mbps / 24
• = 0.064 Mbps
• = 64 Kbps
• Calculating Transmission Delay-
• Transmission delay (Tt)
• = File size / Bandwidth
• = 512 KB / 64 Kbps
• = (512 x 210 x 8 bits) / (64 x 103 bits per sec)
• = 65.536 sec
• = 65536 msec
•
Problems in Circuit & Packet switching
•
• Calculating Time Required To Send File-
•
• Time taken to send a file in circuit switched network
• = Connection set up time + Transmission delay
• = 500 msec + 65536 msec
• = 66036 sec
• = 66.036 msec
