Recovery, Re-crystallization and Grain

Growth
Temperature change Vs Mechanical
properties
 5

Temperature in Metal Forming

• Any deformation operation can be

accomplished with lower forces and
power at elevated temperature
• Three temperature ranges in metal
forming:
– Cold working
– Hot working
 1. Cold Working
6

• Performed at room temperature or slightly

above (Below Recrystallization temperature)
• Many cold forming processes are important
mass production operations
• Minimum or no machining usually required
 7

Advantages of Cold Forming

• Better accuracy, closer tolerances
• Better surface finish
• Strain hardening increases strength
and hardness
• No heating of work required
 8

Disadvantages of Cold Forming

• Higher forces and power required in
the deformation operation
• Ductility and strain hardening limit the
amount of forming that can be done
– In some cases, metal must be annealed to allow
further deformation
– In other cases, metal is simply not ductile
enough to be cold worked
 Impact of Cold Work
As cold work is increased
• Yield strength (y) increases.
• Tensile strength (TS) increases.
• Ductility (%EL or %AR) decreases.

low carbon steel

9
 Mechanical Property Alterations
Due to Cold Working
• What are the values of yield strength, tensile strength & ductility after cold
working Cu?

Copper
Cold
Work

Do = 15.2 mm Dd = 12.2 mm

10
 Effect of Heat Treating After Cold Working
• 1 hour treatment at Tanneal...
decreases TS and increases %EL.
• Effects of cold work are nullified!

annealing temperature (ºC)

100 200 300 400 500 600 700 • Three Annealing stages:
tensile strength (MPa)

600 60 1. Recovery
tensile strength 2. Recrystallization

ductility (%EL)
50 3. Grain Growth
500
40

400 30

ductility 20
Adapted from Fig. 8.22, Callister & Rethwisch
4e. (Fig. 8.22 is adapted from G. Sachs and
300 K.R. van Horn, Practical Metallurgy, Applied
Metallurgy, and the Industrial Processing of
Re Re Gr Ferrous and Nonferrous Metals and Alloys,
co c ry a in
ve sta Gr American Society for Metals, 1940, p. 139.)
ry lliz ow
ati th
on
11
 Three Stages During Heat Treatment:
1. Recovery

•During recovery, some of the stored internal strain energy is relieved. In

addition, physical properties such as electrical and thermal conductivities are
recovered to their precold-worked states.

12
 Three Stages During Heat Treatment:
2. Recrystallization
• New grains are formed that:
-- have low dislocation densities
-- are small in size
-- consume and replace parent cold-worked grains.
0.6 mm 0.6 mm

Adapted from
Fig. 8.21 (a),(b),
Callister &
Rethwisch 4e.
(Fig. 8.21 (a),(b)
are courtesy of
J.E. Burke,
General Electric
Company.)

33% cold New crystals

worked nucleate after
brass 3 sec. at 580C.
13
 As Recrystallization Continues…
• All cold-worked grains are eventually consumed/replaced.
0.6 mm 0.6 mm

Adapted from
Fig. 8.21 (c),(d),
Callister &
Rethwisch 4e.
(Fig. 8.21 (c),(d)
are courtesy of
J.E. Burke,
General Electric
Company.)

After 4 After 8
seconds seconds

14
 TR = recrystallization
temperature

TR

Adapted from Fig. 8.22,

Callister & Rethwisch 4e.

º
15
 16

3. Hot Working
• Deformation at temperatures above the
recrystallization temperature
• Recrystallization temperature = about
one‑half of melting point on absolute
scale
– In practice, hot working usually performed
somewhat above 0.6Tm
– Metal continues to soften as temperature
increases above 0.6Tm, enhancing advantage of
hot working above this level
 17

Why Hot Working?

Capability for substantial plastic
deformation of the metal ‑ far more
than possible with cold working or
warm working
• Why?
– Strength coefficient (K) is substantially less than
at room temperature
– Strain hardening exponent (n) is zero
(theoretically)
– Ductility is significantly increased
 18

Advantages of Hot Working

• Workpart shape can be significantly
altered
• Lower forces and power required
• Metals that usually fracture in cold
working can be hot formed
• Strength properties of product are
generally isotropic
• No work hardening occurs during
forming
 19

Disadvantages of Hot Working

• Lower dimensional accuracy in case of
bulk forming
• Higher total energy required (due to
the thermal energy to heat the
workpiece)
• Work surface oxidation (scale), poorer
surface finish
• Shorter tool life