CHAPTER 2

Input,
Processing
, and
Output

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 Topics
• Reading Input from the Keyboard
• Performing Calculations
• More About Data Output

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2.6 Reading Input from the
Keyboard

Concept:
Programs commonly need to read
input typed by the user on the
keyboard. We will use the Python
functions to do this.

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 Reading Input from the
Keyboard
• Most programs need to read input from the
user
• Built-in input function reads input from
keyboard
• Returns the data as a string
• Format: variable = input(prompt)
• prompt is typically a string instructing user to enter a value
• Does not automatically display a space after the
prompt

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 Reading Input from the
Code in editor
Keyboard

Output in the console

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 Reading Numbers with the
input Function
• input function always returns a string
Code in editor

Output in the console

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 Reading Numbers with the
input Function
• Built-in functions convert between data types
• int(item) converts item to an int
• float(item) converts item to a float
Code in editor

Output in the console

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 Reading Numbers with the
input Function
• We Can do it in one step
• Nested function call: general format:
function1(function2(argument))
• value returned by function2 is passed to function1

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 Reading Numbers with the
input Function
• Type conversion only works if item is valid numeric
value, otherwise, throws exception
Output in the console

Output in the console

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 Performing Calculations
• Math expression: performs calculation and
gives a value
• Math operator: tool for performing calculation
• Operands: values surrounding operator
• Variables can be used as operands
• Resulting value typically assigned to variable

operator
Resulting value

z= x + y
Operands

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2.7 Performing Calculations
Table 2-2 Python math operators

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 2.7 Performing Calculations

Code in editor Output in the console

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 2.7 Performing Calculations

Exercise:
Input : ?
Output: ?
Processing : ?

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 The Exponent Operator and
the Remainder Operator
• Exponent operator (**): Raises a
number to a power
• x ** y = xy

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 The Exponent Operator and
the Remainder Operator
• Remainder operator (%): Performs
division and returns the remainder
• a.k.a. modulus operator

• Typically used to convert times and distances,

and to detect odd or even numbers

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 Operator Precedence and
Grouping with Parentheses
• Python operator precedence:
1. Operations enclosed in parentheses
• Forces operations to be performed before others
2. Exponentiation (**)
3. Multiplication (*), division (/ and //), and remainder
(%)
4. Addition (+) and subtraction (-)
• Higher precedence performed first
• Same precedence operators execute from left to
right

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2.7 Performing Calculations
Table 2-3 Some expressions

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Converting Math Formulas to
Programming Statements
• Operator required for any mathematical
operation
• When converting mathematical
expression to programming statement:
• May need to add multiplication operators
• May need to insert parentheses

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 Mixed-Type Expressions and
Data Type Conversion
• Data type resulting from math operation depends on data types
of operands
• Two int values: result is an int
• Two float values: result is a float
• int and float: int temporarily converted to float, result of
the operation is a float
• Mixed-type expression
• Type conversion of float to int causes truncation of fractional
part

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 Breaking Long Statements
into Multiple Lines
• Long statements cannot be viewed on screen
without scrolling and cannot be printed
without cutting off
• Multiline continuation character (\): Allows
to break a statement into multiple lines

result = var1 * 2 + var2 * 3 + \

var3 * 4 + var4 * 5

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 Breaking Long Statements
into Multiple Lines
• Any part of a statement that is enclosed in
parentheses can be broken without the line
continuation character.

print("Monday's sales are", monday,

"and Tuesday's sales are", tuesday,
"and Wednesday's sales are", Wednesday)

total = (value1 + value2 +

value3 + value4 +
value5 + value6)

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 More About Data Output
• print function displays line of output
• Newline character at end of printed data
• Special argument end='delimiter' causes print
to place delimiter at end of data instead of newline
character
• print function uses space as item separator
• Special argument sep='delimiter' causes print
to use delimiter as item separator

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 More About Data Output

•If you do not want the print function to start a new line of output when it
finishes displaying its output, you can pass the special argument end=' '
to the function

print('One', end=' ') print('One', end='')

print('Two', end=' ') print('Two', end='')
print('Three') print('Three')

Output: :Output

One Two Three OneTwoThree

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 More About Data Output
Specifying an Item Separator
•When multiple arguments are passed to the print function, they are
automatically separated by a space when they are displayed on the
screen.
•If you do not want a space printed between the items, you can pass the
argument sep='‘
•You can also use this special argument to specify a character other than
the space to separate multiple items sep='*‘ , sep=‘~~'
Example:
print('One', 'Two', 'Three') >>> print('One', 'Two', 'Three', sep='')

Output: :Output

One Two Three OneTwoThree

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 More About Data Output
(cont’d.)
• Special characters appearing in string literal
• Preceded by backslash (\)
• Examples: newline (\n), horizontal tab (\t)
• Treated as commands embedded in string
• When + operator used on two strings in
performs string concatenation
• Useful for breaking up a long string literal

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 More About Data Output
Formatting Numbers

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 More About Data Output

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 2.8 More About Data Output
Formatting Numbers

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Formatting Numbers (cont’d.)
• The % symbol can be used in the format
string of format function to format number
as percentage
• To format an integer using format function:
• Use d as the type designator
• Do not specify precision
• Can still use format function to set field width or
comma separator

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 More About Data Output

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