T WO P H A S E F L O W S :
F L O W PAT T E R N S , F L O W
PAT T E R N M A P S ,
HOMOGENEOUS MODEL
Average Fluid Properties
AV E R AG E F LU I D P RO P E RT I E S (PVT
PROPERTIES)
The average two phase density and viscosity are:
When the liquid phase contains oil and water, the
liquid phase density, viscosity and surface tension
are average first based on the volumetric flow rate
fraction of the water-phase (water-cut), assuming
no-slip conditions between the water and the oil as:
3
AV E R AG E F LU I D P RO P E RT I E S (PVT
PROPERTIES)
where f W C , the water volume fraction (water-cut), is
the ratio of the volumetric flow rate of the water
phase to the total volumetric flow rate of the
liquid- phase, given by
Note that calculation of the liquid viscosity in the
previous equation is based on a simple averaging of
the water and oil viscosities, using their respective
volume fractions.
In reality, oil-water mixtures exhibit complex physical
phenomena, which have prompted the development of
special correlations for the prediction of their
viscosities. (will be discussed later)
A V E R A G E PVT PROPERTIES - continue
Water-cut is the ratio of the volumetric flow rate of water phase to
the total volumetric flow rate of the liquid phase (water + oil)
First calculate the mixture of liquid then calculate the mixture of
liquid and gas
TWO-P H AS E FLOW VARIABLES
Volume Fractions
⚫ No-Slip Holdup: Fraction of Pipe Filled with Liquid
When v L =v g q
L
qL q g
⚫ Slip Holdup: Fraction of Pipe Filled with Liquid
When vL ≠vg
qL
V A
H L V L AL qL g
q 6
TWO-P H AS E FLOW VARIABLES...
⚫ Oil Fraction: Volume Fraction of Oil Phase in
the Liquid
q q
fo qo o qw qoL
⚫ Water Fraction: Volume Fraction of Water
Phase in the Liquid
f w 1 fo
TWO-P H AS E FLOW VARIABLES...
Velocities
⚫ Superficial Velocity: Velocity of a Phase When
It Flows Through Entire Cross Section of a
Pipe
vSL qL vSg qg
AP AP
vm q L vSL Sg
AP v
qg
L
v SLvSLv Sg
TWO-P H AS E FLOW VARIABLES...
Actual Velocity
Ag
AL
vL qL qL vSL v g qg qg vSg
AL H L AP H L Ag H g AP H g
Slip Velocity : Difference Between the Actual Gas
and Liquid Phase Velocities
vs v g v L
TWO-P H AS E FLOW
VARIABLES...
Densities
⚫ Liquid Density
L o fo w 1 fo
⚫ Gas-Liquid Slip Density
s L H L g 1 H L
⚫ Gas-Liquid No Slip Density
n
LfL g 11fL
L o o w o
Surface Tension
TWO-P H AS E FLOW
VARIABLES...
Viscosities
⚫ Gas-Liquid Viscosity
Slip Viscosity I
s L H L g 1 H L
Slip Viscosity II (Hagedorn & Brown)
s L H L g1 H L
No Slip Viscosity
n LL g 1 L
TWO-P H AS E FLOW VARIABLES …
Viscosities
⚫ Liquid Viscosity
L o fo w 1
fo
12
METHODS OF ANALYSIS OF TWO-PHASE
FLOWS
Homogenous flow models
⚫ Simplest approach
⚫ Gas and liquid has the same velocities
⚫ Pseudo single phase mixture properties
Separated flow models
⚫ Artificially segregated
⚫ Two set of basic
equations are
required
⚫ Information on the interaction between phases is
required ( empirical or using simple flow models)
Flow pattern models
⚫ channel
More ( still under development)
sophisticated
⚫ Depends on the arrangement of both phases in
the
TWO-PHASE FLOW PATTERNS
Respective distribution of liquid and vapor phases in
the flow channel are commonly observed flow
structures which define two-phase flow patterns
Heat transfer coefficient, pressure drop, aspect of
modeling boiling and condensation are closely
related to local two-phase structure.
Analogous to predicting the transition between
laminar and turbulent in single phase flow, two-
phase flow pattern maps are used to predict the
transition from one flow patterns to another.
FLOW PATTERN DEFINITION AND
CLASSIFICATIONS
Flow pattern: refers to the geometric
configuration of the gas and liquid phases in the
pipe
The flow configuration differ from each other in
the spatial distribution of the interface
The existing of 2 phase flow pattern in a
given two-phase flow system depends on :
1. Operational parameters, the gas and liquid flow
rate
2. Geometrical variables, pipe diameter and
inclination angle
3. Flow introduction mechanism to the
channel
4. The physical properties of the two phases, gas and
liquid densities, viscosities and surface tension
TWO-PHASE FLOW PATTERNS
The flow pattern significantly affects the rates of heat
and mass transfer, momentum loss, back mixing and
residence time distributions.
Given the existence of one pattern, it is possible to
model the flow so as to predict the important process
design parameters.
However, the central task is to predict which flow
pattern will exist under any set of operating
conditions as well as the flow rate at which transition
between flow patterns will take place.
FLOW PATTERN MAPS
Two dimensional graphs with transition criteria to
separate areas corresponding to various flow
regimes.
Various flow regimes have been developed over the
years for various tube configurations:
1. Vertical channels
1. Horizontal channels, and
2. Inclined channels
TWO-PHASE FLOW PATTERNS
Depending on the hydraulic diameter, such
channels are further classified into three
categories:
1. Microchannels: Dh = 10 – 200 𝜇m
2. Mini channels: Dh = 200 𝜇m – 3 mm
3. Conventional channels: Dh > 3mm
Flow Regimes For Horizontal
Pipe Flows: Gas-Liquid, Liquid-
Solid and Gas-Solid
Flow Regime Map For Horizontal Pipe Flow
Flow Regime Map For Horizontal Pipe Flow
Change in the flow regime boundaries for various pipe diameters
1.25cm (dotted), 2.5cm (solid lines), 5cm(dash dot lines )and 30
cm (dashed lines)
Slurry Flow Regimes
Gas/Solid Flow Regimes
Homogeneous Model
• Applicability of the homogeneous model
• Basic assumptions of the model
• Calculation methodology for pressure drop having
homogeneous flow
Homogeneous Flow Assumptions
• Basic assumption:
• Existence of hybrid fluid depending upon local void
fraction
• Suitable for: bubbly flow, wispy annular flow
Homogeneous model
• The model is most suitable for finely dispersed flows.
• When one phase is finely dispersed in another, it can be
assumed that equilibrium is attained.
• Thus, the average values of velocity, temperature, and
chemical potential are the same, consequently having a
homogeneous equilibrium flow.
Cont.’
• In some cases, the use of
homogeneous model is obviously
inappropriate.
• For example, countercurrent
vertical flows (e.g., particulate
matter emission reduction from
marine diesel engines via
electrodynamic methods), which
are driven by gravity acting on the
different densities of the phases,
cannot be described by a suitable
average velocity.
Properties for Homogeneous Flow
Density:
+
Properties for homogeneous flow
Conservation Equations
1. Continuity Equation:
2. Momentum Equation:
-
𝒅𝒙 𝟏 𝒅𝑨
𝑪𝒇 + 𝑪𝒛 + 𝑪𝒂 + 𝑪 𝒈 𝒈 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜽
𝒅𝑷 𝒅𝒛 𝑨 𝒅𝒛
− = 𝟐
𝒅𝒛 𝟏−𝑴
Homogeneous Friction Factor Laminar Flow
a) Suspended fluid spheres at low concentration
b) Suspended solid spheres at low concentration
c) Emulsions containing low viscosity gas bubbles
