Design & Analysis of 1st Order Active High
Pass Filter
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CONTENTS
Analysis of 1st Order Active HP Filter
Design Procedure for 1st Order Active HP Filter
Frequency Scaling
Problems on 1st Order Active HP Filter
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1st ORDER ACTIVE HP FILTER
In the first-order filter, the number of reactive components is only one.
The below figure shows the circuit diagram of the first-order high pass
Butterworth filter.
First order Butterworth High Pass
The high pass Butterworth filter Filter
is an active high pass filter as it
consists of the op-amp. This op-amp operates in non-inverting mode.
Hence, the gain of the filter will decide by the resistors R 1 and RF. And
the cutoff frequency decides by R and C.
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Consider the input loop from fig 1 and Now, apply the voltage divider
rule at
point Va and if we find the voltage across a resistor. It is given as;
From the above expression VA can be written as
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As w. k. t,
Substituting 1/ -jXc = j 2π f C in the expression of VA we get,
This can be represented as,
Where fL = lower cut-off frequency
fL = 1 / 2π R C
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Now, for the op-amp in non-inverting configuration,
Vo = AF VA
VA = Voltage at the non- inverting input,
and AF = (1 + Rf / R1) = gain of op-amp in pass band
This is the required expression for the transfer function of the filter.
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For the frequency response, we require the magnitude of the transfer
function
which is given by,
At very low frequency, f << fL ,
At cutoff frequency, f = fL
At high frequency, f > fL
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FREQUENCY RESPONSE
The frequency response of first order high pass Butterworth filter is
as shown in the figure below;
Frequency response of first order high pass
Butterworth filter
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DESIGN PROCEDURE FOR FIRST
ORDER HIGHPASS BUTTERWORTH
FILTER
1. Select lower cut-off frequency f or f .
c L
2. The Capacitor (C) value of the high pass RC circuit is normally
chosen as 1µF or even less. (i.e., C ≤ 1µF)
3. The resistor (R) value in the HP RC circuit is next calculated using
the relationship fL = 1/ 2πRC.
4. Resistors Ri and Rf are arbitarily selected such that, gain Af = 1 +
Rf / Ri .
5. Sometimes, it may become necessary to change the selected value
of fL to a value fL’. This is termed as “frequency scaling”.
6. Usually, a fixed capacitance value is used for R-C circuit & the
required value of the resistor is computed with the of potentiometer
as
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Rrequired = Rselected (fL / fL’)
FREQUENCY SCALING
Once the filter is designed, sometimes, it is necessary to change the
value of
cut-off frequency fL in high pass filter. The method used to change the
original
cut-off frequency fL to a new cut-off frequency fL1 is called as “frequency
scaling.”
To achieve such a frequency scaling, the standard value capacitor C is
selected first. The required cut-off frequency can be achieved by
calculating
corresponding value of resistance R.
But to achieve frequency scaling a potentiometer is used as shown in
the
circuit. Thus, the resistance R is generally a potentiometer (Rpot)with
which
required cut-off frequency fL can be adjusted and changed later on if
required.
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SOLVED PROBLEM
Design a high pass filter at a cut-off frequency of 10 kHz with a
passband
gain 1.5.
Solution:
Given, the cut- off frequency is fL = 10 kHZ
Choose C = 0.02 µF
w. k. t, fL = 1/2πRC
R = 1/ 2π* 0.02 *10-6 *10 * 103
R = 795.77 Ω
Given AF = 1.5
But w. k. t, AF = 1 + Rf/R1
Therefore Rf/R1 = 1.5 - 1 = 0.5
This implies Rf = 0.5 R1 So choose R1 = 10kΩ. Therefore, Rf =
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5kΩ
