DMV 10023
Conventional Turning
CHAPTER 2
INTRODUCTION TO LATHE MACHINE
1
LEARNING OBJECTIVES AND OUTCOMES
After completing the unit, students should be able to:
1. Explain about turning machine and its main operative parts
2. Know the machine parts name and its function.
CHAPTER 2: INTRODUCTION TO LATHE MACHINE
TYPES OF LATHE MACHINE
What Is Turning?
• The machining operation that produces cylindrical parts
• Can be defined as the machining of an external surface:
i. with the workpiece rotating,
ii. with a single-point cutting tool, and
iii. with the cutting tool feeding parallel to the axis of the workpiece and at a distance
that will remove the outer surface of the work.
• Machine Tool – LATHE
• Job (workpiece) – rotary motion
• Tool – linear motions
- “Mother of Machine Tools “
- Cylindrical and flat surfaces
CHAPTER 2: INTRODUCTION TO LATHE MACHINE
LATHE MACHINE
CHAPTER 2: INTRODUCTION TO LATHE MACHINE
LATHE MACHINE
Types of Lathes
i. Engine Lathe
• The most common form of lathe, motor driven and
comes in large variety of sizes and shapes.
ii. Bench Lathe
• A bench top model usually of low power used to
make precision machine small work pieces.
iii. Tracer Lathe
• A lathe that has the ability to follow a template
to copy a shape or contour
CHAPTER 2: INTRODUCTION TO LATHE MACHINE
LATHE MACHINE
Types of Lathes
iv. Automatic Lathe
• The work piece is automatically fed and
removed without use of an operator.
• Cutting operations are automatically controlled
by a sequencer of some form
v. Turret Lathe
• Have multiple tools mounted on turret either attached to
the tailstock or the cross-slide, which allows for quick
changes in tooling and cutting operations.
vi. Computer Controlled Lathe
• A highly automated lathe, where
both cutting, loading, tool changing,
and part unloading are
automatically controlled by
computer coding
CHAPTER 2: INTRODUCTION TO LATHE MACHINE
LATHE MACHINE – SPECIAL LATHE
Vertical (Turret) Lathes
• used for rotary machining heavy and bulky workpieces with a large swing
diameter (diameter up to 25m)
Advantages:
Can accommodate heaving workpieces
without overhang.
Small mounting surface of the machine.
Workpiece can be clamped and removed
easily.
Disadvantages:
•The chips falling on to the faceplate are thrown to the
side by centrifugal force. A guard around the machine
is absolutely necessary.
•Are built with one or two pedestals. By using several Vertical turning and boring mill
tool posts, work with several cutting tools than take
place simultaneously.
CHAPTER 2: INTRODUCTION TO LATHE MACHINE
LATHE MACHINE – SPECIAL LATHE
Facing Lathes
• used to machine short workpieces with large diameters (flywheels, belt pulleys,
etc.) which could not be mounted on normal gap bed lathes.
• There is a recess under the faceplate which enables even larger workpieces to be
mounted
Advantages:
• Good, safe access to the workpiece and
easy chip removal.
Disadvantages:
• Clamping and balancing large workpieces is more
difficult than with the vertical (turret) lathe.
• Necessitates longer setting-up times Facing lathe
CHAPTER 2: INTRODUCTION TO LATHE MACHINE
LATHE MACHINE – SPECIAL LATHE
Capstan and Turret Lathes
• possible for work to be carried out economically.
• Process times are saved since several operations may be performed
simultaneously.
Capstan Lathe:
• The tailstock is replaced with a turret with six tool-
mounting stations.
• The turret head may be vertical or horizontal and an
automatic indexing device rotates the head to the
next cutting tool.
• It is mounted on an auxiliary slide and a star-wheel
provides the longitudinal movement.
• The auxiliary slide moves longitudinally on a sub-bed
which can be moved along the main bed and locked
in the desired position
CHAPTER 2: INTRODUCTION TO LATHE MACHINE
LATHE MACHINE – SPECIAL LATHE
Capstan and Turret Lathes
Turret Lathe:
• Normally larger than a capstan
lathe.
• The turret tool holder is mounted
on a saddle which slides along the
full length of the machine bed.
• process times are considerably
shortened but the setting- up time
is greatly increased due to all tools
must be set up accurately.
Application:
- In mass production. semi-automatic and
automatic machines are used depending
on requirements.
CHAPTER 2: INTRODUCTION TO LATHE MACHINE
LATHE MACHINE – SPECIAL LATHE
Copying Lathes
• equipped with electric, hydraulic or pneumatic-hydraulic copying apparatus.
• A tracer stylus (sensitive tracer) slides with light pressure along a model or
template.
• The stylus movements transmitted to the turning tool hydraulically or by means of
electric impulses.
• The production cycle is carried out automatically via the copying facility.
Advantages:
Only sample gauging is necessary
Short production time
Simple operation.
Copy turning-contour turning
Application:
For medium to large production and special profiles.
CHAPTER 2: INTRODUCTION TO LATHE MACHINE
LATHE MACHINE – SPECIAL LATHE
Automatic Machines
• All working sequences of the workpieces are performed automatically according to
a programme.
• Semi-automatic machines require clamping, removal and switching on the
machine be performed manually. All other working sequences, including switching
off the machine, is automated.
CHAPTER 2: INTRODUCTION TO LATHE MACHINE
LATHE MACHINE – SPECIAL LATHE
Heavy Duty Single-Spindle Automatic Lathes
• Only have one main spindle
• Used in the mass production of parts
which require maximum accuracy.
• May be fitted with hydraulically or
pneumatically operated chulks for
gripping large workpieces.
• the tools may be mounted on
carriages arranged radially around
the workpiece and on the turret head.
CHAPTER 2: INTRODUCTION TO LATHE MACHINE
LATHE MACHINE – SPECIAL LATHE
Sliding Head Automatic Lathes (Multi-Spindle)
• Equipped with 4, 6 or 8 spindles mounted in a
spindle drum. The drive is central via a shaft.
• Workpieces are machined simultaneously,
depending on the number of spindles (workpiece is
brought to the tool)
• Each tool performs one operation to the tool.
CHAPTER 2: INTRODUCTION TO LATHE MACHINE
LATHE MACHINE – SPECIAL LATHE
Profile Turning Lathes
• An automatic lathes for machining flats with 2 to 8
surfaces by turning.
• Turned are slightly rounded within the tolerances
specified for most work.
• The workpiece is clamped rigidly.
• One or two cutter heads fitted with carbide metal tools
rotate around the workpiece and machine two surfaces
Profile turning with rotating bit and
opposite each other simultaneously. fixed workpiece
• Also permit profile turning with a rotating bit and a
rotating workpiece
Profile turning with rotating bit and rotating workpiece
CHAPTER 2: INTRODUCTION TO LATHE MACHINE
LATHE MACHINE – SPECIAL LATHE
Relieving Lathes
• Primarily to relieve from cutters.
• Relieving is effected with a forming bit which, forces
by a plate cam, moves evenly towards the axis of the
workpiece.
• The shape of the plate cams (cam discs) depends on
the plate cam degree of relieving.
• They may be changed to suit varying requirements.
• The relieving motion consists of a slow plunging
motion towards the workpiece axis and a quick return
motion (tooth gap).
CHAPTER 2: INTRODUCTION TO LATHE MACHINE
TYPICAL LATHE JOBS
Turning/Drilling/Grooving/
Threading/Knurling/Facing...
CHAPTER 2: INTRODUCTION TO LATHE MACHINE
LATHE CONSTRUCTION
CHAPTER 2: INTRODUCTION TO LATHE MACHINE
LATHE CONSTRUCTION
CHAPTER 2: INTRODUCTION TO LATHE MACHINE
LATHE CONSTRUCTION
Head Stock
Tail Stock
Bed
Feed/Lead Screw Carriage
CHAPTER 2: INTRODUCTION TO LATHE MACHINE
SIZE OF LATHE
Example: 300 - 1500 Lathe
Maximum Diameter of Workpiece that can be machined
= SWING (= 300 mm)
Maximum Length of Workpiece that can be held between Centers (=1500 mm)
CHAPTER 2: INTRODUCTION TO LATHE MACHINE
MAIN OPERATIVE PARTS OF THE LATHE MACHINE
Base Frame
• made of cast iron or steel frame
• For steel frame:
- the headstock side - the electrical
equipment including the main motor.
- the center - tool cabinet
- the tailstock end - coolant container,
coolant water pump
Lathe Bed
• the foundation of the lathe
• Fitted with other main parts
• The top surface is machined accurately.
• bed guide ways are usually hardened
and ground or scraped.
• generally have a combination of a flat
guide way and a 'V" guide way.
CHAPTER 2: INTRODUCTION TO LATHE MACHINE
MAIN OPERATIVE PARTS OF THE LATHE MACHINE
The Headstock
• Have the main transmission gears and
the main spindle
• Supported by a very strong and precise
bearings at either end.
The Main Spindle
• a hollow cylindrical shaft which allows
long slender workpieces to pass
through.
• The spindle end facing the tailstock is
called the spindle nose.
• The spindle nose holds the different
clamping devices.
CHAPTER 2: INTRODUCTION TO LATHE MACHINE
MAIN OPERATIVE PARTS OF THE LATHE MACHINE
Carriage
• Consists of the following main parts:
i. Saddle
ii. Cross slide
iii. Compound rest or top slide.
iv. Tool post
v. Apron
• Provides three movements to the tool:
i. Longitudinal feed -through carriage
movement
ii. Cross feed-through cross slide
movement
iii. Longitudinal or angular feed through top
slide feed
CHAPTER 2: INTRODUCTION TO LATHE MACHINE
MAIN OPERATIVE PARTS OF THE LATHE MACHINE
Apron
• a part of the carriage
• houses the drive unit for the mechanical
feed movement of the tool.
The Feed Shaft
• The turning movement of the feed shaft is
changed in to the longitudinal motion of
the tool carriage.
• The transverse motion of the cross, slide
by engaging the respective gears either
with the rack (for the longitudinal
movement) or with the gear which is on
the cross spindle (for the transverse
motion).
CHAPTER 2: INTRODUCTION TO LATHE MACHINE
MAIN OPERATIVE PARTS OF THE LATHE MACHINE
The Lead Screw
• Only used for cutting all types of
threads.
• For thread cutting, lathe machine is
equipped with a gear feed system, a
lead screw and a half nut.
• the turning motion of the workpieces
and the longitudinal movement of the
thread cutting tool to a special ratio,
namely the pitch of the thread.
The Compound Rest or Top Slide
• Carries the tool post.
• Can be moved over a left handed spindle very accurately over a limited length.
• Can be set to any required angle, either by using an angular scale with the help
of a taper plug gauge and a dial indicator.
• Can also turned to a 60º angle to cut threads
CHAPTER 2: INTRODUCTION TO LATHE MACHINE
MAIN OPERATIVE PARTS OF THE LATHE MACHINE
Tailstock
• Can be moved forward and backward
• Contains the tailstock sleeve and moved by a
left handed threaded spindle and a handwheel
and tightened by a lever in the required
position.
• The tail stock sleeve has an internal morstaper
to hold a life centre or respective tools.
• It is used either to support workpieces or to
carry tools as shown in pictures a, band c on
the right side.
The Compound Rest or Top Slide
CHAPTER 2: INTRODUCTION TO LATHE MACHINE
WORKHOLDING DEVICES
• Equipment used to hold
i. Workpiece – fixtures Securely HOLD or
ii. Tool - jigs Support while machining
Chucks
Three jaw Four Jaw
CHAPTER 2: INTRODUCTION TO LATHE MACHINE
WORKHOLDING DEVICES
Centers Dogs
Tail
Headstock center Tailstock center
(Live Centre) (Dead Centre)
Tail
Workpiece
Faceplates Mandrels
Workpiece Mandrel
Workpiece
Workpiece (job) with a hole
CHAPTER 2: INTRODUCTION TO LATHE MACHINE
WORKHOLDING DEVICES
Rests
Steady Rest Follower Rest
Jaws
Work Work Jaws
Hinge
Carriage
Lathe bed guideways
CHAPTER 2: INTRODUCTION TO LATHE MACHINE
VIDEO OF TURNING
• Turning Operation Explained
• Demonstration of Lathe Operations
• Eccentric Turning
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