PIPELINE
HYDRAULIC AND
MECHANICAL
DESIGN
LEC-4
PIPELINE DESIGN 2
• Hydraulic design – Temperature derating factor
• Mechanical design – Weld (Seam) joint factor
– Codes & standards – Corrosion allowance
– Stresses Hydrostatic test
– Practical design criteria – Pipe schedules
– Pipe materials • Example
– Pipe manufacturing methods
– Yield strength
– Design factor
HYDRAULIC
DESIGN
3
HYDRAULIC DESIGN = PIPE SIZING 4
= DIAMETER SELECTION
Small D Large D
• High running cost• High initial cost
• High velocity • Low velocity
– Erosion – Solid particle
– Noise precipitation
DIAMETER SELECTION CRITERIA 5
Optimu Total pipe cost
Cos
m
t
diamete
r Pipe
construction
cost
Pipe operating
cost
Diamete
Pipe wall erosion r
Energy loss V = 3-1 m/s High installation cos
Noise [liquid] Solid precipitation
STANDARD PIPE DIAMETERS 6
NOMINAL PIPE SIZE [NPS]
NOMINAL PIPE SIZE [NPS] 7
EXAMPLE: DOMESTIC PIPE 8
DIAMETER
MECHANICA
L DESIGN
9
MECHANICAL DESIGN = THICKNESS 10
DETERMINATION = SCHEDULE SELECTION
Strength > Stress
The three parameters are gathered from the codes & standards
CODES & STANDARDS 11
• A code is a model, a set of rules that knowledgeable people
recommend for others to follow. It is not a law, but can be
adopted into law.
• A standard tends be a more detailed elaboration, the nuts and
bolts of meeting a code.
• A code tells you what you need to do, and a standards tells you
how to do it.
• A code may say that a building must have a fire-alarm system.
The standard will spell out what kind of system and how it must
work.
PIPELINE DESIGN CODES & 12
STANDARDS
• American National Standards Institute (ANSI)
– ANSI B36.10M Specifies dimensions and tolerances for
carbon steel pipes from 1/8 inch to 80 inches in NPS (Nominal
Pipe Size).
• American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME)
– ASME B31.4 mechanical design of liquid pipelines
– ASME B31.8 mechanical design of gas pipelines
• American Petroleum Institute (API)
– API 5L Specifications for materials, dimensions, and
mechanical properties of pipes.
STRESSES
•
13
The pipe is considered as a thin-walled () pressure vessel.
• The dominant stress is the hoop stress which is given by:
where is the Maximum Allowable Operating Pressure (MAOP), is
the outside pipe diameter, is the wall thickness.
PRACTICAL DESIGN CRITERIA 14
where is the allowable hoop stress in pipe.
• = Specified Minimum Yield Strength (SMYS)
• = Seam (Weld) joint factor
• = Design factor
• = Temperature derating factor
PIPE MATERIALS 15
PIPE MATERIALS 16
1- CAST IRON
• Drainage systems.
• Sewage and
wastewater.
PIPE MATERIALS 2- CARBON STEEL 17
(BLACK IRON) & GALVANIZED
• Oil and gas pipelines
• Water distribution
PIPE MATERIALS 18
3- STAINLESS STEEL
• Chemical processing.
• Pharmaceuticals, food and beverage.
• Water and wastewater treatment.
PIPE MATERIALS 19
4- PLASTIC
• Water supply.
• Water
drainage.
PIPE MATERIALS 20
5- COPPER
• Heating, cooling and
refrigeration systems
PIPE MATERIALS 21
6- CONCRETE
• Irrigation
• Sewage systems
PIPE MATERIALS 22
7- ALUMINUM
• Compressed air
systems
YIELD STRENGTH (SMYS) 23
DESIGN FACTOR (F) 24
Depends upon class location and type of construction
Default
TEMPERATURE DERATING FACTOR 26
(T)
• Applied to the allowable stress values of the material to account for the
reduction in strength of the material at elevated temperatures.
WELD 27
(SEAM) JOINT
FACTOR (E)
For seamless
pipes
28
CORROSION ALLOWANCE (T E )
• A corrosion allowance is added to the calculated thickness to
compensate for the material corrosion by time.
HYDROSTATIC TEST 29
HYDROSTATIC TEST THICKNESS 30
(T HT )
where is the hydrostatic test pressure (normally )
• The final pipe thickness is given by:
PIPE SCHEDULES 31
SUMMARY 45
• Pipeline design o Yield strength
– Hydraulic design o Design factor
– Mechanical design o Temperature derating
o Codes & standards factor
o Stresses o Weld (Seam) joint factor
o Practical design criteria o Corrosion allowance
o Pipe materials Hydrostatic test
o Pipe manufacturing o Pipe schedules
methods
