LESSON 1:
Concepts &
Evaluation of
Functions
Objectives:
At the end of this lesson, the
students must be able to:
1. identify if the given relations
represent function or not;
2. evaluate the function at each
specified value; and
3. give real-life situations wherein
functions are used.
Definition of Terms:
Relation
– any set of ordered pairs.
Example: A={(0,1), (1,2), (2,3), (3, 4)}
Domain
– the set of all the first members/the abscissas
of the ordered pairs/relation.
– the set of permissible input values.
Range
– the set of all the second members/the
ordinates of the ordered pairs/relation.
– the set of output values
Function
– a special kind of relation in which no
two pairs in a set of ordered pairs have
the same first element.
FUNCTION or NOT?
f = {(0, -1), (2, -5), (4, -9), (6,-13)}
No same first element
(0, 2, 4, 6)
Function
FUNCTION or NOT?
t = {(-2, 0), (-1, 1), (0, 1), (-2, 2)}
Has same first element which is -2
Not a Function
FUNCTION or NOT?
x = |y|
If y = 2, x = 2 and If y=-2, x=2.
We have ordered pairs (2,2) and (2, -2).
Not a Function
FUNCTION or NOT?
{(1,4), (2,2), (3,10), (4,8), (5,6)}
No same first element.
Function
FUNCTION or NOT?
{(1,2), (2,4), (2,10), (3,8), (4,6), (5,4)}
Has same first element which is 2.
Not a Function
FUNCTION or NOT?
Any vertical line drawn will intersect
the graph at exactly one point.
Function
FUNCTION or NOT?
Any vertical line drawn will intersect
the graph at more than one point.
Not a Function
FUNCTION or NOT?
Any vertical line drawn will intersect the
graph at exactly one point. A hole means
that, the point is not included.
Function
The Function Machine
f(x) = 2x2 – 3x + 1
If x=0
f(0) = 2(0)2 – 3(0) + 1
f(0) = 0 – 0 + 1 (Input)
f(0)= 1
If x=2
f(2) = 2(2)2 – 3(2) + 1 {0, 2}
f(2) = 8 – 6 + 1
f(2) = 3 Function Rule
{ 1, 3
(Output) }
y
f(x) = 2x2 – 3x + 1
Ways of Representing
Function:
1. by using the set of ordered
pairs
Example :
A = {(0, 1), (1, 2), (2, 3)}
Ways of Representing
Function:
2. by means of an equation
Example:
f(x) = x + 5
Remarks:
a. f(x) should be read “f of x”, NOT
“f times x”.
b. f is the name of the function; it is not
a number.
c. x is the input value or independent
variable of f(x).
d. f(x) is the output value or value
of the function f at the number x.
Ways of Representing
Function:
3. by means of an arrow
diagram or mapping
Example:
0 1
1 2
2 3
Ways of Representing
Function:
4. by means of a graph
Example:
Ways of Representing
Function:
5. by means of a table of values
Example:
x 0 1 2
f(x) 1 2 3
The following relations
r1={(x, y) | y = 2x – 6} and
r2 = {(x, y) | y = x2 + 1} are functions.
You can write these as
f(x) = 2x – 6 and
g(x) = x2 + 1, respectively.
Basic Types of Functions:
Constant function – a function of zero-
degree that are of the form
f(x) = c, c ≠ 0.
Linear function – a function of first-
degree polynomial that are of the
form f(x) = ax + b, where a ≠ 0.
Quadratic function – a function of the
form f(x) = ax2 + bx + c, where a ≠ 0.
Basic Types of Functions:
Polynomial function – any function f(x)
of the form f(x) = cnxn + cn-1xn-1 + c1x + c0.
Rational function – the quotient of two
polynomial functions that are of the
form
Basic Types of Functions:
Basic Types of Functions:
Radical function – are of the form
f(x) = , where g(x) is an algebraic
expression called the radicand and n is
called the index.
Piecewise function – a function which
contains of two or more functions in a
specified domain.
Basic Types of Functions:
Absolute value function – a function of
the form f(x) = |x|.
The Absolute Value Function is a
famous Piecewise Function.
It has two pieces:
•below zero: -x
•from zero onwards: x
Basic Types of Functions:
The floor function – It is a very special
piecewise function. It has an infinite
number of pieces.
Evaluating Functions
Evaluating a function means
replacing the variable in the
function, in this case x, with a
value from the function’s domain
and computing
for the result.
Evaluating Functions
Example 1: Evaluate the
following functions at x = 1.5:
a.f(x) = 2x + 1
f(1.5) = 2(1.5) + 1 ; replacing x by
1.5
f(1.5) = 4
Evaluating Functions
Example 1: Evaluate the
following functions at x = 1.5:
Evaluating Piecewise
Function
Example: Given
1. Find the value of f(2):
Evaluating Piecewise
Function
Example: Given
2. Find the value of f(12.5):
Evaluating Piecewise
Function
Example: Given
3. Find the value of f(-3):
Functions in the Real
World
- A soda, snack, or stamp machine -
The user puts in money, punches a specific
button, and a specific item drops into the
output slot. (The function rule is the
product price. The input is the money
combined with the selected button. The
output is the product, sometimes delivered
along with coins in change, if the user has
entered more money than required by the
function rule.)
Functions in the Real
World
Most thermometers come with both Celsius
and Fahrenheit scales. Students can study a
thermometer as an input/output table.
Students who have had experience in
deducing composite function rules might be
able to compare the two scales (noting, for
instance, that 0°C = 32°F and 32°C = 50°F)
and figure out the mystery function rule --
the formula for converting from one scale
to the other.
Functions in the Real
World of a circle is a function of diameter.
Circumference
Arm length is a function of height.
Car’s efficiency (Miles per gallon)
A car's efficiency in terms of miles per gallon of
gasoline is a function. If a car typically gets 20
mpg, and if you input 10 gallons of gasoline, it will
be able to travel roughly 200 miles. The car's
efficiency may be a function of the car's design
(including weight, tires, and aerodynamics),
speed, temperature inside and outside of the car,
and other factors.
Functions in the Real
World
Basic economics and money math:
A weekly salary is a function of the hourly pay
rate and the number of hours worked. Compound
interest is a function of initial investment, interest
rate, and time. Supply and demand: As price goes
up, demand goes down.
Functions in the Real
World
Shadows:
The length of a shadow is a function of its height
and the time of day. Shadows can be used to find
the height of large objects such as trees or
buildings; the same function rule (ratio) by which
we compare the length of an upright ruler to its
shadow will help us find the unknown input (the
height of the large object) when we measure its
shadow.
Closure:
“Every input has corresponding output.
What you sow is what you’ll reap!”
Galatians 6:7
“Do not be deceived: God cannot be mocked.
A man reaps what he sows.”
