Speed control of DC shunt motor

Flux control method

 =
• As indicated by the speed equation, the speed
is inversely proportional to the flux.
• By varying the flux, the motor speed can be
varied.
• The flux of a dc motor can be changed by
changing the field current .
• It is obtained by a variable resistance is
connected in series with shunt field winding .
•5,11,16,17,22,23,41,
,51,
Armature voltage control method
• A variable resistance R is connected in series
with armature circuit.
• Here, the input voltage V is constant.
• The speed of the motor can be controlled by
varying the resistor R.
• the speed equation is

• By increasing the controller resistance R, the

potential drop across the armature is
decreased. Therefore the motor speed also
decreases.
Speed control of DC series motor
Field divertor method
• In this method the series field winding is shunted
by a variable resistance known as field divertor.
• By varying the resistance, the current flow
through the series field changes. Due to decrease
in field current, the flux can be decreased and
consequently, the motor speed also increases.
• By this method the speed of the motor can be
controlled above rated value.
Armature divertor method
• An armature of the motor is shunted with
external variable resistance .
• For a given constant load torque, if is
reduced due to armature divertor, then ɸ
must increase.This results in an increase in
current taken from supply which increases the
flux and a fall in speed.
• The DC series motor speed can be controlled
by varying the armature divertor resistance.
Tapped field control
• In this method a number of tappings from the
field winding are brought outside.
• When all field turns are in circuit, the motor
runs at lowest speed and speed increases with
cutting out some of the series field turns.
• This method is often employed in electric
traction.
Series-Parallel connection of field

(a) (b)

Fig .Series – Parallel grouping of field coils

• In this method, the field coil is divided into
various parts. These parts can then be connected
in series or parallel as per the requirement.
• Fig (a) & (b) shown in the field coil connected in
series and parallel.
• If the field coil is arranged in series or parallel
m.m.f produced by the coils changes, hence the
flux produced also changes. Hence speed can be
controlled.
Ward-Leonard control system
• It consists of three dc machine i.e., two dc motor and one dc
generator.
• The system uses a motor-generator set to power the dc drive
motor.
• is the main motor is directly coupled to the dc generator G.
• DC supply is given to the main motor armature terminal as well as
shunt field winding.
• The set runs at constant speed.
• The voltage of the generator can be varied from zero to maximum
value by means of its field regulator.
• The generated dc voltage is fed to the controlled dc motor.
• The controlled dc motor rotation can be changed by reversing the
direction of the field current of generator G. It is done by using
reversing switch S and the generated voltage can be reversed and
the motor rotates reverse direction.
• In this method of speed control combined by
armature control and flux control.
• The armature voltage control can be achieved by
varying the field of dc generator.
• The flux control method can be achieved by
varying the field of the controlled dc motor.
• In the constant torque operating mode, the field
flux of the controlled dc motor is kept constant
and the armature voltage is controlled. In the
constant horse power operating mode, the
armature voltage is kept constant and the field
current is controlled.
Fig . Typical torque-speed and power-speed characteristics of dc shunt motor
Classification Of Choppers
Choppers are classified as

Class A Chopper
Class B Chopper
Class C Chopper
Class D Chopper
Class E Chopper

Class A Chopper
• When chopper is ON, supply voltage V is
connected across the load.
• When chopper is OFF, Vo = 0 and the
load
current continues to flow in the same
direction through the FWD.
• The average values of output voltage and
current are always positive
Class B Chopper
• When chopper is ON, E drives a current
through L and R opposite to that shown in
figure.
• During the ON period of the chopper, the
inductance L stores energy.
• When Chopper is OFF, diode D conducts,
and part of the energy stored in inductor L
is returned to the supply.
Class C Chopper
• When CH1 is ON, the output voltage is equal to supply
voltage & the load receives power from the source. During
the ON period of the chopper, the inductance L stores
energy.

• When CH1 is turned OFF, energy stored in inductance L is

returned to the supply through the diode D2.

• When CH2 is triggered, the voltage E forces current to flow

in opposite direction through L and CH2 .The output voltage
is zero.
• On turning OFF CH2 , the energy stored in the inductance
drives current through diode D1 and the supply
Class D Chopper
• When both CH1 and CH2 are triggered
simultaneously, the output voltage Vo = V and
output current flows through the load.
• When CH1 and CH2 are turned OFF, the
energy stored in the inductor L is returned to
the supply through D1 and D2 .
• Output voltage Vo = - V .
Class E Chopper
• Forward motoring mode
When and are triggered, the load voltage is equal to supply voltage i.e., and load current
begins to flow. During the ON period of the chopper and , the inductance L stores
energy. When is turned off, the energy stored in inductor L freewheeling through , .
• Forward braking mode
Here is operated and , and are kept off. When on, the voltage E forces current to flow in
opposite direction through L, . During the on time of the inductor L stores energy. When
is turned off, the energy stored in inductor L is fed back to source through diodes and .

• Reverse motoring mode

Here, is kept on and is operated. Polarity of load emf E must be reversed for this
quadrant operation. When and on, load gets connected to source . During the ON period
of the chopper and , the inductance L stores energy. When is turned off, negative current
freewheels through and .
• Reverse braking mode
Here is operated and other devices are kept off. Load emf E must have its polarity
reversed. When on, the voltage E forces current to flow , and L. During the on time of ,
inductor L stores energy. When is turned off, the energy stored in inductor L is fed back
to source through diodes and .
Single Phase Half Wave Converter Drives
Fig . Input and output waveform of single phase half wave controlled
rectifier drive
• During the positive half cycle( SCR T is forward biased. At ,
SCR T is triggered and comes to the on state. Then the
positive voltage is fed to the motor. During the period
inductance L store energy. At, freewheeling diode comes to
the forward biased and SCR comes to the off state, because
of reverse voltage.
• During the negative half cycle(, SCR T is off state, Energy
stored in the inductance freewheeling through diode. The
freewheeling diode conducts up to . During the period,,
current is positive but output voltage is zero. Here by varying
the firing or delay angle , the output voltage can be varied.
This variable voltage fed to the motor, then the motor speed
can be changed.
• This type of converters are used upto about 2 kW DC motors.
For single phase half wave controlled rectifier,
average output voltage of converter equal to
terminal voltage
Single Phase Semi-converter Drives
Fig Input and output waveform of single phase semi-converter drive
• During the positive half cycle , SCR , and diode is forward
biased. At , SCR , is triggered. Then SCR, and diode , comes
to the on state. During the period , inductance store
energy. In this period, we can get positive output voltage
and positive current. At, SCR and is turned off.
• During the negative half cycle,energy stored in the
inductance freewheeling through diode. In this period,
current flow through FD and motor i.e., closed circuit. Here
we can get positive output current and zero output voltage.
• At , SCR is triggered. Then SCR and diode comes to the on
state. During the period , SCR and diode is on state.
During the period , inductance store energy. Now we can
get, positive output voltage and positive output current.
This voltage is fed to the DC motor.
• Average output voltage
Single Phase Fully Controlled Rectifier Drives
Fig .2 Continuous conduction waveforms of single
phase fully controlled rectifier
Fig .3 Discontinuous conduction waveforms of single phase fully
controlled rectifier
• During the positive half cycle SCR and are forward biased. At ,
SCR and are simultaneously triggered and comes to the on state.
These two SCRs conducts upto . During the period , SCR and are
ON state. The motor is connected to the input supply through
the SCR and .During the period inductance L store energy.
• During the negative half cycle (π to 2π) SCR and are forward
biased. At , SCR and are triggered and comes to the on state.
The motor is connected to the input supply through the SCR and
.During the period inductance L store energy. Immediately the
supply voltage appears across the thyristors and as a reverse
bias voltage and turns them off. This is called natural or line
commutation. Now SCR and conducts upto .
• During to , energy flows from the input supply to the motor .
• However, during to , energy stored in the inductance is fed back
to the input supply.
• In discontinuous conduction modes, the current starts flowing
with the turn-on thyristors at . Motor gets connected to the
source and its terminal voltage equals ‘’.At some angle known as
extinction angle, load current decays to zero. Here . As are
reverse biased after , this pair commutated at when . From , no
SCR conducts, the motor terminal voltage jumps from to E as
shown in figure 3.

Rectification mode
• If , the power flows from ac side to dc side and the converter
operates as a rectifier .i.e. power flows from source to load.
Inversion mode
• If , the power flows from dc side to ac side and the converter
operates as a line commutated inverter. In this mode power flows
from load to source.
• Average output voltage

For firing angle ,

,
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