POINT OF USE/ENTRY

HOUSEHOLD WATER TREATMENT

SYSTEM
BY
ANKITA TAMTA(181653)
ACHYUTH(181664)
VINILA(181672)
SAI KRISHNA(181673)
Contents
• Biosand filter • RO+UV+UF
• Arkal filters • Activated Carbon
• Bone Char Filtration
• Jempeng stone method • Boiling Water
• SODIS
• Treatment with Potassium Permanganate
• Bicycle
• Treatment with Iodine • Lifecycle
• AuraAquasafewater treatment • Solar Ball, Water mill,
• Filtration using Cloth Slingshot
• Lifestraw
• Solar Distillation
• Ceramic Filters
• Bamboo Charcoal Water filters
BIOSAND FILTERS
Biological community of
Similar to traditional SSF bacteria and other micro-
It is of 1m tall and 0.3m organisms grows in the
wide On each side. top 2cm of sand called as
BIOLAYER

It will treat 36l/h of Pathogens and suspended

solids are removed
water.
through biological and
Which will serve for physical processes that
about 10-15 families takes place in the sand
Bio-Sand filter
Efficiency of Bio-Sand filters
Property Removal efficiency
Protozoa 99%
Bacteria 81-100%
Virus 70-99%
Turbidity 95%
Iron and Manganese >75%
Inorganic contaminants 50-90%
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Arkal Filters

This system can be

These filters are
used with in the
highly resistance to distribution system or
rust and corrosion. on a household scale.

Grooves are provided

Made of 200 discs of
above and below disc
thin polypropylene
to maximise the
Arkal Filter
Jempeng Stone filter
Used when water is
polluted with wind-borne A porous material
impurities such as dry known as
leaves, stalks and coarse
particles. “Cadas” is used

Removal
efficiency is
Jempeng stone method
Treatment with Potassium
permanganate
• Potassium permanganate is a point-of-entry treatment method.
• It oxidizes dissolved iron, manganese, and hydrogen sulphide into solid particles
that are filtered out of the water.
• It can also be used to control iron bacteria growth in wells.
• KMnO4 is available in solid form.
• 1 to 2 grams per litre of water is found to be most effective.
• A multimedia filter of manganese coated aluminium silicate over manganese-
treated green sand or an 8-inch layer of anthracite above manganese-treated
greensand.
• Odour is also removed
• The water should be colourless when it leaves the filter.
Chlorination
• Addition of chlorine or hypochlorite to water.
• Chlorination is used to prevent the spread of waterborne diseases
such as cholera, dysentery and typhoid.
• Chlorine is used as sodium hypochlorite and chlorine tablets.
• Add one full bottle cap of the sodium hypochlorite solution to clear
water (or 2 caps to turbid water) in a standard sized container, agitate,
and wait 30 minutes before drinking.
• Drawbacks to water chlorination include aesthetic apprehensions
such as taste and odour.
Treatment by Iodine
• Iodine kills most of the fresh water germs and pathogens which are
present in natural fresh water resources.
• This is household water treatment.
• Iodine is also available in tablet form.
• Water should be warmed before adding iodine.
• When water is clear add 5 drops of iodine to 0.94 litres.
• If the water is more turbid add 10 drops per 0.94 litres.
AuraAquasafe Water Purifier
• AuroAquasafe is a powdered mixture that removes arsenic, iron,
fluoride, pathogenic organisms and suspended solids.
• It has been developed by Environmental Monitoring Service
laboratory in Auroville, Tamil Nadu, India.
• It contains a chlorine compound, aluminium salt that acts as
coagulant and other additives which provides good coagulation and
flocculation.
 RO +UV+ UF
RO Water Purifier UV Water Purifier UF Water Purifier

Requires electricity to work Requires electricity to work No need of electricity

Blocks and removes all germs and Kills all germs including viruses, but Blocks and removes all germs and
viruses from purified water. their bodies remain in the water viruses from purified water.

RO requires electricity to boost tap UV can work with normal tap water UF will function with normal tap
water pressure pressure water pressure

Removes dissolved salts Cannot remove dissolved salts Cannot remove dissolved salts

Has prefiltration to work with dirty Works with muddy dirty turbid
Water must be clear for UV to work.
water water
 ACTIVATED CARBON
Most effective at
removing chlorine,
chemical adsorption particles such as
sediment, volatile organic
compounds (VOCs)

Also remove Made from raw

materials such as
odor and coconut husk, wood,
coal and petroleum
Granulated Activated Carbon powder
ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES
OF GAC
Advantages Disadvantages

Removes chlorine, particles, impurities Not effective in removing microbes

Improves taste and odour GAC can not remove sodium, flourides, nitrates

Can removes heavy metals like lead

 BONECHAR FILTRATION
• Bone char is made from animal bones that are charred (burnt) and crushed.

• Bone char has high fluoride removal efficiency, and can also absorb a wide range
of other contaminants.

• Fluoride is removed from water through a process based on ion exchange.

• When raw water containing fluoride comes into contact with bone char, the
fluoride ion changes places with the carbonate ion in the bone char, and the
fluoride becomes “stuck” to the bone char.

• Correct preparation of the bone char is essential to ensure good fluoride removal
and to avoid unattractive taste, colour and odour in the treated water.
 BONECHAR FILTRATION
• The water level in the filter should never drop below the top of the
bone char.

• If the bone char is left dry, its adsorption capacity will decrease.

• The water should be in contact with the bone char for a minimum of
20 minutes.

• The filter can be combined with a ceramic candle to remove

microbiological contamination.
Bone char filter
Advantages Disadvantages
1.Low cost technology 1. May impart taste and odour
2.Locally available media and result in organic leaching if
3. After defluoridation water not prepared properly.
is odourless, clean, and ready 2. Requires regeneration
for human consumption. periodically.
4. The fluoride removal 3. Affected by high alkalinity.
capacity of the product is 4. May not be acceptable in
1000mg/lit. some countries.
 Boiling
water

Emergency home
made filters
SODAIS

Bicycle
Filtration purification
through cloth
 BOILING OF WATER
• Heat kills disease-causing micro-
organisms, with higher temperatures
and/or duration required for some
pathogens.
• Mostly used when contamination
crisis arises.
• Boil the water in a suitable container
or a regular kettle for a few minutes.
• Leave to cool while covered.
SOLAR WATER DISINFECTION (SODIS)
1. Expose the water you need
treated in direct sunlight.
2. Water is covered by a thin screen
so new impurities cannot
contaminate it.
3. Leave the water out for 6 hours if
the source is clear.
4. Leave the water out for at least
two days if the source produced
cloudy liquid.
CAUTIONS
 Advantages Disadvantages
• Improves microbiological • Doesn't change the chemical
quality. water quality.
• Solar UV-A radiation and • Requires clear water (turbidity
temperature is used to inactivate less than 30 NTU).
pathogens. • Can’t treat large volumes of
• Relies on locally available water.
resources. • Suitable climate and weather
• Economical and has low conditions.
investment.
SOLAR DISTILLATION
• Distillation is the process of evaporating water into vapour, and then
capturing and cooling the vapour so it condenses back into a liquid.
• It consists of a shallow reservoir containing water covered with an
angled piece of clear glass or transparent plastic sheet.
• The sunlight heats the water through the glass or plastic, and the
water vapour collects and condenses on it, drips down, and flows
into the collection channel.
• Solar still sizes can vary from 0.5 m for household use up to around
600 m for community use.
BICYCLE WATER PURIFIER
• The product is essentially made for emergency use, purifying case is
attached in the rear seat of bicycle.
• First introduced and made in 2011
• Bicycle can suck up, scrub clean and then store water from pretty much
any source (water lake, pond, rivers etc).
• Work through manpower: pedaling the bicycle.
• The Cycloclean can process three tons of water in ten hours.
 CYCLOCLEAN
(BICYCLE PURIFIER)

Lower a hose into the water, the rear

wheel is kept off the ground, and the
pedals now power a pump.
Water is forced through a primary filter
before moving on to an activated carbon
filter.
 Finally, the water passes through a
"micro-filtration membrane filter"
before being stored in the vessel of your
choice.
 Advantages Disadvantages
• It’s sustainable and eco-friendly. • Time consuming to use primary
• User can ride it to any filter.
destination where it may be • Not cost effective.
needed.
• Portable and reliable.
• Low maintenance.
• Durable: long life span.
 FILTRATIONS THROUGH CLOTH
• Filtration process removes impurities such as debris,
insects, dust particles and other suspended particles.
• Water passes through a thin white cloth which removes the
impurities present in the water
• This is the common method used in early years
 FILTRATION & SIPHONING
TECHNIQUE
• Siphon filters rely on the simple natural force of gravity to purify water.
• The innovative usage of the siphon results in a high flow rate of 4-6 liters per
hour.
• Capable of making safe water free from contaminated with bacteria, without
any external energy source or chemical additives.
• The filter itself is a ceramic candle. It is attached to a simple adapter made of
plastic tubing.
SIPHONING FILTER

The filter is placed in the upper

container, which is filled with
contaminated water.
Establish the flow using open end,
that end is placed into a second
container to catch the product water.
 From that point the siphoning action
pulls water through the tube.
 Advantages Disadvantages
• Highly effective for bacteria and • Clogging if water contains fine
high turbidity. silts.
• It has a “backwash option”, to • No indicator/warning system for
clean the filter. user when leakage occurs.
• Compact in size and user friendly. • Not effective for dissolve
• Very low production cost and chemicals.
maintenance.
• Due to the activated carbon
filtered water tastes and smells
good.
• High flow rate.
LIFESTRAW
• Water filter designed to be used by one person.
• Filters maximum 4000 liters of water.
• Removes almost all of waterborne bacteria and parasites.
• Lifestraw is a plastic tube that is 300mm long and 30 mm in diameter.
• Distributed in the 2010 Haiti earthquake, 2010 Pakistan floods, 2011
Thailand floods, and 2016 Ecuador earthquake.
LIFESTRAW
 Advantages Disadvantages
• Highly effective for killing • Not a good development tool as
bacteria and viruses. it lacks sustainability.
• Low maintenance. • Can not be used by children.
• Can be carried around for easy • Not effective for high turbidity
access to safe and clean water. and dissolved Chemicals.
• Easy to mass-distribute in areas
where drinking water is
contaminated.
• Easy to clean pre-filter as well as
purifier cartridge
 Ceramic water filters
• Ceramic candles are usually made from local clay mixed with a combustible
material like sawdust, rice husks or coffee husks.

Effective for Moderately for Not effective for

Bacteria Virus and iron. Dissolved

Protozoa
Helminths
Turbidity
Taste,odour,colour

• Types of ceramic water filters :

1)pot-type
2)candle-type
Types of ceramic filters
 How does it remove contamination?
• Pathogens and suspended.
• Colloidal silver.
Operation
• For turbidity levels greater than 50 NTU, the water should first be
strained through a cloth or sedimented before using the ceramic
candle filter.
• It is recommended that the candles be replaced every 6 months to 3
years, depending on the manufacturer’s instructions and quality of
the candles. This is in part to protect against fine cracks which may
have developed and are not be visible.
 Treatment efficiency
• Pore size and construction quality are critical to ensure flow rate and effective
treatment.
Type Bacteria viruses Protozoa Helminths Turbidity

Laboratory >99% >90% >100% >100% 88-97%

Field >99.95% >100% >100% 97-99%

 Operation
• Flow rate is highest when the upper container is full
• Flow rate declines with use and accumulation of contaminants within the filter
pores
• Flow rate can be improved by using more than one candle in the filter.

Flow rate (l/h) Batch volume Daily water supply

1-2 Depends on the size of About 8 litres.

upper container.
BAMBOO CHARCOAL
 ROLE OF SAND IN WATER
FILTRATION
• Biological layer
• Mechanical trapping
• Adsorption
• Natural death
 ROLE OF BAMBOO CHARCOAL

• Chemical composition
• Carbon filtration
• Minerals in bamboo charcoal
• Microbial and antibacterial effects
 Role of gravel in water filtration
Role of pebbles in water filtration
• supports the filter media. • Prevents clogging of pipe with
sand.
Life sack
• Solar energy and the bag’s thermal treatment process work to treat
the water.
• Capacity-20litres at a time.
• Objective is to kill microbes and germs.
• Needs six hours to destroy all microbes to be destroyed.
Life sack
Life sack
Solar ball and water mill
Water mill
Slingshot water filter
THANK YOU