ENGINES
G.H.
Valiyeva
An aircraft engine, often referred to as an aero
engine, is the power component of
an aircraft propulsion system. Most aircraft
engines are either piston engines or gas turbines
• Propulsion is the action or process of pushing or
pulling to drive an object forward.
• A reciprocating engine, also often known as
a piston engine, is typically a heat engine that uses
one or more reciprocating pistons to convert
pressure into a rotating motion
• A gas turbine, also called a combustion turbine,
is a type of continuous and internal combustion
engine.
Jet Engines (gas turbine)
•Jet aircraft make use of turbines for the creation of thrust.
•Consumes more fuel but provide much more thrust than
a piston engine.
•Fly faster than propeller driven aircraft
•Greater weight capacity
•Example: Airbus A340 and Boeing 777, can carry
hundreds of passengers and several tons of cargo, and
are able to travel for distances up to 13 thousand
kilometers.
•Noisy, this makes jet aircraft a source of noise pollution
There are four types of aircraft turbine engines:
1. turbojet 3. turbofan
2. turboprop 4. turboshaft
1. Turbo-jet Engine
Newton's 3rd law: For every action there is an equal
and opposite reaction. This is called thrust. Thrust
Thrust is the forward force that pushes the engine and, therefore, the airplane forward.
• Inlet- inlet is the opening at the front of engine, it allows the outside air to enter the engine.
• Compressor – compressor is made up of fans with many blades, it compress the air and
raises the pressure & temperature of the air, the compressed air then is delivered to the
burner.
• Combustion chamber– The combustion chamber consists of the fuel inlet and igniter for
combustion. Burning process occur here. Fuel is sprayed to the compressed air. The
mixture of the fuel + air will be burned. The results is heated gas with high energy, high
pressure and high temperature.
• Turbine- turbine used some of the heated gas energy to turn the compressor. The high-
energy airflow coming out of the combustor goes into the turbine, causing the turbine
blades to rotate. This energy is transferred through the shaft.
• Nozzle- The balance of heated gas energy exits through the nozzle at very high speed. This
causes thrust.
• Turbojet engines are limited in range and endurance
Turbojet engine
2. Turboprop Engine
A turboprop engine is a turbine engine that drives a propeller through
a reduction gear.
Reduction gearing is necessary in turboprop engines because optimum
propeller performance is achieved at much slower speeds than the
engine’s operating rpm. A reduction gear is an arrangement by which
an input speed can be lowered.
Turboprop engines are a compromise between turbojet engines and
reciprocating power plants.
Turbo-prop Engine
•The propeller located at the front of engine
•The propeller converts the power developed by the
engine into thrust as efficiently as possible under all
operating conditions.
Compressor blades
3. Turbo-fan Engine
Turbofans were developed to combine some of the best features of
the turbojet and the turboprop.
Turbofan engines are designed to create additional thrust by
diverting a secondary airflow around the combustion chamber.
The turbofan bypass air generates increased thrust, cools the
engine, and aids in exhaust noise suppression.
Theturbofan engine has a front fan, which runs at the same speed as the
compressor and fan turbine located at the back to drive the fan.
Most modern airliners use turbofan engines because of they can produce high
thrust, lower fuel consumption and low engine-noise.
Fan - The fan is the first component in a turbofan. The large spinning fan sucks in large
quantities of air. It then speeds this air up and splits it into two parts. One part continues
through the "core" or center of the engine, where it is acted upon by the other engine
components.
The second part "bypasses" the core of the engine. It goes through a duct that
surrounds the core to the back of the engine where it produces much of the force that
propels the airplane forward. This cooler air helps to quiet the engine as well as adding
thrust to the engine.
Parts of the engine
4. Turboshaft
The fourth common type of jet engine is the turboshaft.
It delivers power to a shaft that drives something other than a
propeller.
Many helicopters use a turboshaft gas turbine engine.
In addition, turboshaft engines are widely used as auxiliary power units
on large aircraft
Reciprocating (piston) engines
From1903 (Wright bros.) until the Early 1940s, all aircraft used the piston
engine combined with propeller as their propulsion system.
Piston engine is just similar with car engine except with several different.
A propeller is essentially a type of fan which transmits power by
converting rotational motion into thrust to propel the aircraft (move
forward).
The reciprocating engine is also known as an internal-combustion engine
This name is used because the fuel mixture is burned within the engine
to drive the propeller
The main parts of a piston engine are shown on the following
drawing.
Only one cylinder is cross-sectioned here, however aircraft engines
usually contain more cylinders assembled in various configurations.
Describe the main parts:
-Cylinder
-Piston
-Cylinder head
-Inlet valve
-Exhaust valve
-Spark plug
-Combustion chamber
-Crankcase
-Crankshaft
-Connection rod
Different configurations of piston engine
Aircraft piston engines usually contain more cylinders
assembled in various configurations.
The in-line and "V" engines are very similar to those used in
automobiles.
Horizontally opposed engines are the third major
configuration
These can be considered an extreme example of a "V"
engine, in which the angle between the pistons is 180 degrees.
The cylinders lie on a plane roughly parallel to the wings.
The radial engine configuration is unique to aviation.
1. Inline engines
The term "inline engine" refers only to engines with a single row of cylinders, as used in
automotive language, but in aviation terms, the phrase "inline engine" also covers V-type
and opposed engines, and is not limited to engines with a single row of cylinders. This is
typically to differentiate them from radial engines.
An inline engine generally has an even number of cylinders, although some
three-cylinder and five-cylinder engines have been constructed.
This engine may be either liquid cooled or air cooled and has only one crank
shaft, which is located either above or below the cylinders.
If the engine is designed to operate with the cylinders below the crankshaft,
it is called an inverted engine.
Single
Inline 3 Inline 5
Vee Inline 4
Twin
Piston Engine Types - Layouts
2. Opposed or O-type engines
The opposed-type engine has two banks of cylinders directly opposite each other
with a crankshaft
The pistons of both cylinder banks are connected to the single crankshaft.
Although the engine can be either liquid cooled or air cooled, the air-cooled
version is used predominantly in aviation.
It is generally mounted with the cylinders in a horizontal position.
The opposed-type engine has a low weight-to-horsepower ratio, and its narrow
silhouette makes it ideal for
A typical four-cylinder opposed engine.
Horizontally Opposed (Or flat) 4
Piston Engine Types - Layouts
3. V-type engines
In V-type engines, the cylinders are arranged in two in‑line banks
generally set 60° apart.
Most of the engines have 12 cylinders, which are either liquid cooled or
air cooled. The engines are designated by a V followed by a dash and the
piston displacement in cubic inches. For example, V-1710.
This type of engine was used mostly during the second World War and
its use is mostly limited to older aircraft.
A Rolls-Royce Merlin V-12 Engine
Vee 5 Vee 6 Vee 8
Piston Engine Types - Layouts
4. Radial engines
The radial engine consists of a row, or rows, of cylinders arranged radially about
a central crankcase.
The number of cylinders which make up a row may be three, five, seven, or nine.
Some radial engines have two rows of seven or nine cylinders arranged radially
about the crankcase, one in front of the other. These are called double row radials
One type of radial engine has four rows of cylinders with seven cylinders in each
row for a total of 28 cylinders.
Radial engines are still used in some older cargo planes, war birds, and crop spray
planes.
Although many of these engines still exist, their use is limited.
Propeller + Piston
Engine Aircraft
•Very efficient for low speed flight.
•Lower load capacity compared to similar
sized jet powered aircraft.
•Consumes less fuel, thus cheaper and much
more economic than jets.
•Quiet, but fly at lower speeds.
•The best option for people who need to
transport a few passengers and/or small
amounts of cargo.
•Propellers are not used on high speed
aircraft.
